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However, IGF2 role in ACC tumourigenesis has not been completely understood yet, and the contribution of IGF1R and IRA in mediating ACC cell growth has been poorly explored. This study aimed to investigate IGF1R and IR expression and localisation, including the expression of IR isoforms, in ACC and adrenocortical adenomas (ACA), and their role in IGF2-driven proliferation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Immunohistochemistry staining of IGF1R and IR was performed on 118 ACC and 22 ACA to evaluate their expression and cellular localisation and statistical analyses were carried out to assess correlations with clinicopathological data. The expression of IRA and IRB in ACC and ACA tissues, ACC cell lines and ACC and ACA primary cultures was determined by RT-qPCR. To appraise the specific role of IGF1R and IR in mediating IGF2 mitogenic pathway, single and double silencing of receptors and their inhibition in 2 ACC cell lines derived from primary tumours (H295R and JIL-2266) and 2 derived from metastatic tumours (MUC-1 and TVBF-7) as well as in ACC and ACA primary cultures were performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found a higher IGF1R plasma membrane localisation in ACC compared to ACA. In ACC this localisation was associated with higher Ki67 and Weiss score. IR was expressed in about half of ACC and in all ACA but, in ACC, it was associated with higher Ki67 and Weiss score. RT-qPCR revealed that the prevalent isoform of IR was IRA in ACC and ACA, but not in normal adrenals. In ACC cell lines, double IGF1R\u2009+\u2009IR silencing reduced cell proliferation in JIL-2266, MUC-1 and TVBF-7 but not in H295R. In ACC, but not ACA, primary cultures, cell proliferation was reduced after IR but not IGF1R knockdown.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall, these data suggest that IGF1R localisation and IR expression represent new biomarkers predicting tumour aggressiveness, as well as possible molecular markers useful to patients\u2019 stratification for more individualized IGF1R-IR targeted therapies or for novel pharmacological approaches specifically targeting IRA isoform.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02115-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:32:13Z","timestamp":1741084333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emerging role of IGF1R and IR expression and localisation in adrenocortical 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