{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:05:58Z","timestamp":1792026358080,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Commun Signal"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02335-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T10:54:02Z","timestamp":1752836042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The gut-heart axis: a correlation between Paneth cells\u2019 dysfunction, microbiome dysbiosis, and cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Aysa","family":"Rezabakhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Habtemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezayat","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Meddahi-Pell\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta Rodriguez","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Pavon-Djavid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Barzgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2015-019","volume":"35","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakamura K, Sakuragi N, Takakuwa A, Ayabe T. Paneth cell \u03b1-defensins and enteric microbiota in health and disease. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2016;35:57\u201367.","journal-title":"Biosci Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"2335_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Aali A, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbastabar H, Abd ElHafeez S, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdollahi A, et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. 2024;403:2133\u20132161.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"2335_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002","volume":"35","author":"TA Gaziano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A. Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low- and middle-income countries. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2010;35:72\u2013115.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"2335_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065717","volume":"149","author":"AO Mocumbi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mocumbi AO. Cardiovascular health care in Low- and Middle-Income countries. Circulation. 2024;149:557\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2335_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.024","volume":"31","author":"C Frioux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frioux C, Ansorge R, \u00d6zkurt E, Ghassemi Nedjad C, Fritscher J, Quince C, Waszak SM, Hildebrand F. Enterosignatures define common bacterial guilds in the human gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31:1111\u2013e11251116.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2335_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharon I, Quijada NM, Pasolli E, Fabbrini M, Vitali F, Agamennone V, D\u00f6tsch A, Selberherr E, Grau JH, Meixner M et al. The core human microbiome: does it exist and how can we find it? A critical review of the concept. Nutrients. 2022;14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142872"},{"key":"2335_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.09.019","volume":"187","author":"G Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu G, Xu T, Zhao N, Lam YY, Ding X, Wei D, Fan J, Shi Y, Li X, Li M, et al. A core microbiome signature as an indicator of health. Cell. 2024;187:6550\u2013e65656511.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2335_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188990","volume":"1878","author":"S Ciernikova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ciernikova S, Sevcikova A, Drgona L, Mego M. Modulating the gut microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation: an emerging trend in cancer patient care. Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Reviews Cancer. 2023;1878:188990.","journal-title":"Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"2335_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212412574","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241257486","volume":"12","author":"Z Sahle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sahle Z, Engidaye G, Shenkute Gebreyes D, Adenew B, Abebe TA. Fecal microbiota transplantation and next-generation therapies: a review on targeting dysbiosis in metabolic disorders and beyond. SAGE Open Med. 2024;12:20503121241257486.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"2335_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01279-1","volume":"22","author":"J Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo J, Zhou B, Niu Y, Liu L, Yang L. Engineered probiotics introduced to improve intestinal microecology for the treatment of chronic diseases: present state and perspectives. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2023;22:1029\u201338.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"2335_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100344","volume":"7","author":"K Saeed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saeed K, Ayub F, Durrani MA, Mujahid M. CRISPR Cas systems: from bacterial defense mechanisms to revolutionary tools reshaping genetic research and translation therapeutics. Microbe. 2025;7:100344.","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"2335_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02118-6","volume":"13","author":"L Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan L, Chen J, Zhang Q, Ren J, Chen Y, Yang J, Wang L, Guo Z, Bu P, Zhu B, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for hypertension: an exploratory, multicenter, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Microbiome. 2025;13:133.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2335_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01857-7","volume":"11","author":"X Mei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:349.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2335_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113975","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023113975","volume":"42","author":"I Balasubramanian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Flores J, Bianchi-Smak J, Lin X, Liu H, Sun S, Golovchenko NB, Liu Y, Wang D. Infection and inflammation stimulate expansion of a CD74\u2009+\u2009Paneth cell subset to regulate disease progression. EMBO J. 2023;42:e113975.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2335_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1341-1","volume":"39","author":"W Fong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fong W, Li Q, Yu J. Gut microbiota modulation: a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2020;39:4925\u201343.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2335_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182","DOI":"10.1002\/ctd2.182","volume":"3","author":"KA Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu KA, Gubatan J. Gut microbiome\u2013based therapeutics in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Translational Discovery. 2023;3:e182.","journal-title":"Clin Translational Discovery"},{"key":"2335_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00904-3","volume":"21","author":"CL Hsu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsu CL, Schnabl B. The gut\u2013liver axis and gut microbiota in health and liver disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:719\u201333.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2335_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaishnava S, Behrendt CL, Ismail AS, Eckmann L, Hooper LV. Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105:20858\u201320863.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808723105"},{"key":"2335_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19320","volume":"3","author":"HJ Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu HJ, Wu E. The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Gut Microbes. 2012;3:4\u201314.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2335_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00587","volume":"11","author":"SR Lueschow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lueschow SR, McElroy SJ. The Paneth cell: the curator and defender of the immature small intestine. Front Immunol. 2020;11:587.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0081-y","volume":"16","author":"H Gehart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gehart H, Clevers H. Tales from the crypt: new insights into intestinal stem cells. Nat Reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16:19\u201334.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2335_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63304-4","volume":"165","author":"C Rumio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rumio C, Besusso D, Palazzo M, Selleri S, Sfondrini L, Dubini F, M\u00e9nard S, Balsari A. Degranulation of Paneth cells via toll-like receptor 9. Am J Pathol. 2004;165:373\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2335_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601583","volume":"198","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang X, Zuo Z, Zhang Q, Pan Y, Zeng B, Li W, Wei H, Liu Z. Rip2 is required for Nod2-mediated lysozyme sorting in Paneth cells. J Immunol. 2017;198:3729\u201336.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001456","volume":"143","author":"MH Santamaria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santamaria MH, Caballero EP, Corral RS. Unmethylated CpG motifs in toxoplasma gondii DNA induce TLR9-and IFN-\u03b2-dependent expression of \u03b1-defensin-5 in intestinal epithelial cells. Parasitology. 2016;143:60\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2335_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah MO, Sweet M, Mansell A, Kellie S, Kobe B. TRIF-dependent TLR signaling, its functions in host defense and inflammation, and its potential as a therapeutic target. J Leukoc Biol. 2016;100.","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.2RI1115-531R"},{"key":"2335_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09637","volume":"469","author":"T Sato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sato T, Van Es JH, Snippert HJ, Stange DE, Vries RG, Van Den Born M, Barker N, Shroyer NF, Van De Wetering M, Clevers H. Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts. Nature. 2011;469:415\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2335_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.010","volume":"53","author":"S Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu S, Balasubramanian I, Laubitz D, Tong K, Bandyopadhyay S, Lin X, Flores J, Singh R, Liu Y, Macazana C, et al. Paneth cell-derived lysozyme defines the composition of mucolytic microbiota and the inflammatory tone of the intestine. Immunity. 2020;53:398\u2013e416398.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2335_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16427","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202216427","volume":"15","author":"C Wallaeys","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wallaeys C, Garcia-Gonzalez N, Libert C. Paneth cells as the cornerstones of intestinal and organismal health: a primer. EMBO Mol Med. 2023;15:e16427.","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2335_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002491","volume":"14","author":"AJ Langlands","year":"2016","unstructured":"Langlands AJ, Almet AA, Appleton PL, Newton IP, Osborne JM, N\u00e4thke IS. Paneth cell-rich regions separated by a cluster of Lgr5\u2009+ cells initiate crypt fission in the intestinal stem cell niche. PLoS Biol. 2016;14:e1002491.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2335_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.01.005","volume":"16","author":"T Brabec","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brabec T, Vobo\u0159il M, Schierov\u00e1 D, Valter E, \u0160pl\u00edchalov\u00e1 I, Dobe\u0161 J, B\u0159ezina J, Dobe\u0161ov\u00e1 M, Aidarova A, Jakubec M, et al. IL-17-driven induction of Paneth cell antimicrobial functions protects the host from microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the ileum. Mucosal Immunol. 2023;16:373\u201385.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.085","volume":"24","author":"M Schmitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmitt M, Schewe M, Sacchetti A, Feijtel D, van de Geer WS, Teeuwssen M, Sleddens HF, Joosten R, van Royen ME, van de Werken HJG, et al. Paneth cells respond to inflammation and contribute to tissue regeneration by acquiring stem-like features through SCF\/c-kit signaling. Cell Rep. 2018;24:2312\u2013e23282317.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2335_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116807","volume":"176","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao J, Duan L, Li J, Yao C, Wang G, Mi J, Yu Y, Ding L, Zhao Y, Yan G, et al. New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;176:116807.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2335_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.01.001","volume":"23","author":"E Burger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burger E, Araujo A, L\u00f3pez-Yglesias A, Rajala MW, Geng L, Levine B, Hooper LV, Burstein E, Yarovinsky F. Loss of Paneth cell autophagy causes acute susceptibility to toxoplasma gondii-mediated inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23:177\u2013e190174.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2335_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo A, Safronova A, Burger E, L\u00f3pez-Yglesias A. IFN-\u03b3 mediates Paneth cell death via suppression of mTOR. 2021;10.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60478"},{"key":"2335_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73939","volume":"125","author":"YC Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YC, Guan KL. mTOR: a Pharmacologic target for autophagy regulation. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:25\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2335_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.08.030","volume":"179","author":"CM Hodin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodin CM, Lenaerts K, Grootjans J, de Haan JJ, Hadfoune Mh, Verheyen FK, Kiyama H, Heineman E, Buurman WA. Starvation compromises Paneth cells. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:2885\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2335_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379624","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2379624","volume":"16","author":"N Coutry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coutry N, Gasmi I, Herbert F, Jay P. Mechanisms of intestinal dysbiosis: new insights into tuft cell functions. Gut Microbes. 2024;16:2379624.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2335_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00693","volume":"9","author":"SL Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang SL, Shao BZ, Zhao SB, Fang J, Gu L, Miao CY, Li ZS, Bai Y. Impact of Paneth cell autophagy on inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9:693.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07416","volume":"456","author":"K Cadwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cadwell K, Liu JY, Brown SL, Miyoshi H, Loh J, Lennerz JK, Kishi C, Kc W, Carrero JA, Hunt S, et al. A key role for autophagy and the autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells. Nature. 2008;456:259\u201363.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2335_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278059","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/278059","volume":"2012","author":"N Wittkopf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wittkopf N, G\u00fcnther C, Martini E, Waldner M, Amann KU, Neurath MF, Becker C. Lack of intestinal epithelial atg7 affects Paneth cell granule formation but does not compromise immune homeostasis in the gut. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:278059.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2917","volume":"225","author":"CM Hodin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodin CM, Verdam FJ, Grootjans J, Rensen SS, Verheyen FK, Dejong CH, Buurman WA, Greve JW, Lenaerts K. Reduced Paneth cell antimicrobial protein levels correlate with activation of the unfolded protein response in the gut of obese individuals. J Pathol. 2011;225:276\u201384.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2335_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heuberger J, Kosel F, Qi J, Grossmann KS, Rajewsky K, Birchmeier W. Shp2\/MAPK signaling controls goblet\/paneth cell fate decisions in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:3472\u20133477.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1309342111"},{"key":"2335_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.08.031","volume":"143","author":"HF Farin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Farin HF, Van Es JH, Clevers H. Redundant sources of Wnt regulate intestinal stem cells and promote formation of Paneth cells. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:1518\u2013e15291517.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2335_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1240","volume":"7","author":"JH van Es","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Es JH, Jay P, Gregorieff A, van Gijn ME, Jonkheer S, Hatzis P, Thiele A, van den Born M, Begthel H, Brabletz T, et al. Wnt signalling induces maturation of Paneth cells in intestinal crypts. Nat Cell Biol. 2005;7:381\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2335_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200704152","volume":"178","author":"P Bastide","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bastide P, Darido C, Pannequin J, Kist R, Robine S, Marty-Double C, Bibeau F, Scherer G, Joubert D, Hollande F, et al. Sox9 regulates cell proliferation and is required for Paneth cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. J Cell Biol. 2007;178:635\u201348.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2335_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G168","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90589.2008","volume":"297","author":"A Vidrich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vidrich A, Buzan JM, Brodrick B, Ilo C, Bradley L, Fendig KS, Sturgill T, Cohn SM. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 regulates Paneth cell lineage allocation and accrual of epithelial stem cells during murine intestinal development. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297:G168\u2013178.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2335_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.044","volume":"137","author":"A Gregorieff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gregorieff A, Stange DE, Kujala P, Begthel H, van den Born M, Korving J, Peters PJ, Clevers H. The ets-domain transcription factor Spdef promotes maturation of goblet and Paneth cells in the intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1333\u2013e13451331.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2335_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui C, Wang X, Zheng Y, Wu L, Li L, Wei H. Peng J: Nur77 as a novel regulator of Paneth cell differentiation and function. Mucosal Immunology 2024; 17(4):752\u2013767.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.09.001"},{"key":"2335_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.11.010","volume":"15","author":"C Jones","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jones C, Avino M, Giroux V, Boudreau F. HNF4\u03b1 acts as upstream functional regulator of intestinal Wnt3 and Paneth cell fate. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;15:593\u2013612.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2335_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1474321","volume":"10","author":"AA Schoenborn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schoenborn AA, von Furstenberg RJ, Valsaraj S, Hussain FS, Stein M, Shanahan MT, Henning SJ, Gulati AS. The enteric microbiota regulates jejunal Paneth cell number and function without impacting intestinal stem cells. Gut Microbes. 2019;10:45\u201358.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2335_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su X, Jin M, Xu C, Gao Y, Yang Y, Qi H, et al. FABP4 in Paneth cells regulates antimicrobial protein expression to reprogram gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2022;14(1):2139978.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2139978"},{"key":"2335_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106510","volume":"188","author":"L Gnatzy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gnatzy L, Ismailos G, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Managing the clinical effects of drug-induced intestinal dysbiosis with a focus to antibiotics: challenges and opportunities. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2023;188:106510.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2335_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S156938","volume":"11","author":"KA Gwee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gwee KA, Goh V, Lima G, Setia S. Coprescribing proton-pump inhibitors with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: risks versus benefits. J Pain Res. 2018;11:361\u201374.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2335_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853771","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.853771","volume":"12","author":"W Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu W, Luo Z, Zhou J, Sun B. Gut microbiota and antidiabetic drugs: perspectives of personalized treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:853771.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2335_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo YS, Lee HB, Kim Y, Park HY. Dietary carbohydrate constituents related to gut dysbiosis and health. Microorganisms. 2020;8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030427"},{"key":"2335_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo O, Feng QQ, Ojo OO, Wang XH. The role of dietary fibre in modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutrients. 2020;12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113239"},{"key":"2335_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155173","volume":"255","author":"G Bhardwaj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhardwaj G, Riadi Y, Afzal M, Bansal P, Kaur H, Deorari M, Tonk RK, almalki WH, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, et al. The hidden threat: environmental toxins and their effects on gut microbiota. Pathol - Res Pract. 2024;255:155173.","journal-title":"Pathol - Res Pract"},{"key":"2335_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.75","volume":"10","author":"MY Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng MY, Inohara N, Nu\u00f1ez G. Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol. 2017;10:18\u201326.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110861","volume":"128","author":"A Borrego-Ruiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2024;128:110861.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2335_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.09.006","volume":"25","author":"NH Salzman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salzman NH, Bevins CL. Dysbiosis\u2014a consequence of Paneth cell dysfunction. Semin Immunol. 2013;25:334\u201341.","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.004","volume":"29","author":"TC Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu TC, Kern JT, Jain U, Sonnek NM, Xiong S, Simpson KF, VanDussen KL, Winkler ES, Haritunians T, Malique A, et al. Western diet induces Paneth cell defects through microbiome alterations and farnesoid X receptor and type I interferon activation. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:988\u2013e10011006.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2335_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63730-4","volume":"14","author":"M Ragab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ragab M, Schlichting H, Hicken M, Mester P, Hirose M, Almeida LN, Christiansen L, Ibrahim S, Tews HC, Divanovic S, et al. Azathioprine promotes intestinal epithelial cell differentiation into Paneth cells and alleviates ileal crohn\u2019s disease severity. Sci Rep. 2024;14:12879.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2335_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang W, Xi C, Yao H, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Chen Q, Wu G, Hu J. Oral administration of lysozyme protects against injury of ileum via modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis after severe traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1304218"},{"key":"2335_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu Y, Yu Z, Li S, Zhang T, Zhu F, Gong J. Pouchitis is associated with Paneth cell dysfunction and ameliorated by exogenous lysosome in a rat model undergoing ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Microorganisms. 2023;11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122832"},{"key":"2335_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bel S, Pendse M. Paneth cells secrete lysozyme via secretory autophagy during bacterial infection of the intestine. Science 2017;357(6355):1047-1052.Bel S, Pendse M. Paneth cells secrete lysozyme via secretory autophagy during bacterial infection of the intestine. 2017;357:1047\u201352.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4677"},{"key":"2335_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muniz LR, Knosp C, Yeretssian G. Intestinal antimicrobial peptides during homeostasis, infection, and disease. Front Immunol. 2012;3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00310"},{"key":"2335_CR67","first-page":"e67010","volume":"16","author":"S Trehan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trehan S, Singh G, Bector G, Jain P, Mehta T, Goswami K, Chawla A, Jain A, Puri P, Garg N. Gut dysbiosis and cardiovascular health: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Cureus. 2024;16:e67010.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2335_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00821-0","volume":"8","author":"N Kazemian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazemian N, Mahmoudi M, Halperin F, Wu JC, Pakpour S. Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges. Microbiome. 2020;8:36.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2335_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400","volume":"368","author":"WH Tang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tang WH, Wang Z, Levison BS, Koeth RA, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Hazen SL. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1575\u201384.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2335_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","volume":"472","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B, Feldstein AE, Britt EB, Fu X, Chung YM, et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472:57\u201363.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2335_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.10.009","volume":"4","author":"E Pasini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pasini E, Aquilani R, Testa C, Baiardi P, Angioletti S, Boschi F, Verri M, Dioguardi F. Pathogenic gut flora in patients with chronic heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:220\u20137.","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2335_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-18-0468","volume":"83","author":"T Hayashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Yamashita T, Watanabe H, Kami K, Yoshida N, Tabata T, Emoto T, Sasaki N, Mizoguchi T, Irino Y. Gut microbiome and plasma microbiome-related metabolites in patients with decompensated and compensated heart failure. Circ J. 2018;83:182\u201392.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2335_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupu VV, Adam Raileanu A, Mihai CM, Morariu ID, Lupu A, Starcea IM, Frasinariu OE, Mocanu A, Dragan F, Fotea S. The implication of the gut microbiome in heart failure. Cells. 2023;12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081158"},{"key":"2335_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong X, Fan Q, Yang Q, Pan R, Zhuang L, Xi R, Zhang R, Tao R. Trimethyllysine, a trimethylamine N-oxide precursor, predicts the presence, severity, and prognosis of heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.907997"},{"key":"2335_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313565","volume":"123","author":"M Malik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malik M, Suboc TM, Tyagi S, Salzman N, Wang J, Ying R, Tanner MJ, Kakarla M, Baker JE, Widlansky ME. <i\u2009>\u2009Lactobacillus plantarum\u2009299v supplementation improves vascular endothelial function and reduces inflammatory biomarkers in men with stable coronary artery disease<\/i\u2009>. Circul Res. 2018;123:1091\u2013102.","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"key":"2335_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy354","volume":"25","author":"MS Panhwar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panhwar MS, Mansoor E, Al-Kindi SG, Sinh P, Katz J, Oliveira GH, Cooper GS, Ginwalla M. Risk of myocardial infarction in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based national study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25:1080\u20137.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2017.05.003","volume":"46","author":"S Aniwan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aniwan S, Park SH, Loftus EV Jr. Epidemiology, natural history, and risk stratification of crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46:463\u201380.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2335_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-016-0841-y","volume":"32","author":"T Emoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emoto T, Yamashita T, Kobayashi T, Sasaki N, Hirota Y, Hayashi T, So A, Kasahara K, Yodoi K, Matsumoto T, et al. Characterization of gut microbiota profiles in coronary artery disease patients using data mining analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism: gut microbiota could be a diagnostic marker of coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels. 2017;32:39\u201346.","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2335_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.06.1179","volume":"64","author":"A Sandek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandek A, Swidsinski A, Schroedl W, Watson A, Valentova M, Herrmann R, Scherbakov N, Cramer L, Rauchhaus M, Grosse-Herrenthey A, et al. Intestinal blood flow in patients with chronic heart failure: a link with bacterial growth, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cachexia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1092\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2335_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2009.01.007","volume":"1","author":"H Korhonen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Korhonen H. Milk-derived bioactive peptides: from science to applications. J Funct Foods. 2009;1:177\u201387.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"2335_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2016.20.6.621","volume":"20","author":"WB Yap","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yap WB, Ahmad FM, Lim YC, Zainalabidin S. Lactobacillus casei strain C1 attenuates vascular changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;20:621\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2335_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106423","volume":"192","author":"P Dolkar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dolkar P, Deyang T, Anand N, Rathipriya AG, Hediyal TA, Chandrasekaran V, Krishnamoorthy NK, Gorantla VR, Bishir M, Rashan L, et al. Trimethylamine-N-oxide and cerebral stroke risk: a review. Neurobiol Dis. 2024;192:106423.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15010028","volume":"15","author":"CM Florea","year":"2025","unstructured":"Florea CM, Rosu RO, Minciuna IA, Cismaru G, Pop D, Vlase A-M, Nenu I, Filip GA. The impact of trimethylamine N-oxide on atrial fibrillation presence in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Xenobiotics. 2025;15:28.","journal-title":"J Xenobiotics"},{"key":"2335_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesci A, Carnuccio C, Ruggieri V, D\u2019Alessandro A, Di Giorgio A, Santoro L, Gasbarrini A, Santoliquido A, Ponziani FR. Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: evidence on the metabolic and inflammatory background of a complex relationship. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109087"},{"key":"2335_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01820-1","volume":"12","author":"TS Rasmussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rasmussen TS, Mao X, Forster S, Larsen SB, Von M\u00fcnchow A, Tran\u00e6s KD, Brunse A, Larsen F, Mejia JLC, Adamberg S, et al. Overcoming donor variability and risks associated with fecal microbiota transplants through bacteriophage-mediated treatments. Microbiome. 2024;12:119.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2335_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00310","volume":"3","author":"LR Muniz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muniz LR, Knosp C, Yeretssian G. Intestinal antimicrobial peptides during homeostasis, infection, and disease. Front Immunol. 2012;3:310.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-005-0202-x","volume":"27","author":"AJ Ouellette","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ouellette AJ. Paneth cell alpha-defensins: peptide mediators of innate immunity in the small intestine. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2005;27:133\u201346.","journal-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2335_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570296","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570296","volume":"11","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakamura K, Yokoi Y, Fukaya R, Ohira S, Shinozaki R, Nishida T, Kikuchi M, Ayabe T. Expression and localization of Paneth cells and their \u03b1-Defensins in the small intestine of adult mouse. Front Immunol. 2020;11:570296.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v8.i4.150","volume":"8","author":"N Gassler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gassler N. Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2017;8:150\u201360.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"2335_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holly MK, Smith JG. Paneth cells during viral infection and pathogenesis. 2018;10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050225"},{"key":"2335_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10397","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910397","volume":"25","author":"L Cuervo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cuervo L, McAlpine PL, Olano C, Fern\u00e1ndez J, Lomb\u00f3 F. Low-molecular-weight compounds produced by the intestinal microbiota and cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:10397.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2335_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.09.012","volume":"9","author":"J Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma J, Piao X, Mahfuz S, Long S, Wang J. The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids. Anim Nutr. 2022;9:159\u201374.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2335_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114586","volume":"162","author":"T Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu T, Sun Z, Yang Z, Qiao X. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and modulation of host-derived peptides formation: focused on host defense peptides. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;162:114586.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2335_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182863","volume":"11","author":"R-G Xiong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiong R-G, Zhou D-D, Wu S-X, Huang S-Y, Saimaiti A, Yang Z-J, Shang A, Zhao C-N, Gan R-Y, Li H-B. Health benefits and side effects of short-chain fatty acids. Foods. 2022;11:2863.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2335_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8659","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01226F","volume":"12","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, Wang J, Wang F, Strappe P, Liu W, Zheng J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Microbiota fermentation characteristics of acylated starches and the regulation mechanism of short-chain fatty acids on hepatic steatosis. Food Funct. 2021;12:8659\u201368.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2335_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010126","volume":"10","author":"SJ Mun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mun SJ, Lee J, Chung K-S, Son M-Y, Son MJ. Effect of microbial short-chain fatty acids on CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived liver organoids. Cells. 2021;10:126.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2335_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c00633","volume":"70","author":"Q Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Q, Zhang R, Mu Y, Song Y, Hao N, Wei Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR. Propionate ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via the gut-liver axis: focus on the improvement of intestinal permeability. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70:6084\u201396.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2335_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.011","volume":"56","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Xu C, Huang R, Song J, Li D, Xia M. Butyrate from pectin fermentation inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption and attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2018;56:175\u201382.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"2335_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718674","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.718674","volume":"8","author":"Z Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Z, Han J, Chen H, Wang Y, Zhou L, Wang M, Zhang R, Jin X, Zhang G, Wang C, et al. Oral supplementation with butyrate improves myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury via a gut-brain neural circuit. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:718674.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2335_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab644","volume":"43","author":"A Haghikia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haghikia A, Zimmermann F, Schumann P, Jasina A, Roessler J, Schmidt D, Heinze P, Kaisler J, Nageswaran V, Aigner A, et al. Propionate attenuates atherosclerosis by immune-dependent regulation of intestinal cholesterol metabolism. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:518\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2335_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652","volume":"139","author":"H Bartolomaeus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartolomaeus H, Balogh A, Yakoub M, Homann S, Mark\u00f3 L, H\u00f6ges S, Tsvetkov D, Krannich A, Wundersitz S, Avery EG, et al. Short-chain fatty acid propionate protects from hypertensive cardiovascular damage. Circulation. 2019;139:1407\u201321.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2335_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04666","volume":"65","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Liu J, Hao W, Zhu H, Liang N, He Z, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Structure-specific effects of short-chain fatty acids on plasma cholesterol concentration in male Syrian hamsters. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65:10984\u201392.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2335_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043081","volume":"141","author":"DM Kaye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaye DM, Shihata WA, Jama HA, Tsyganov K, Ziemann M, Kiriazis H, Horlock D, Vijay A, Giam B, Vinh A, et al. Deficiency of prebiotic fiber and insufficient signaling through gut metabolite-sensing receptors leads to cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141:1393\u2013403.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2335_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.23","volume":"40","author":"M Sahuri-Arisoylu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sahuri-Arisoylu M, Brody LP, Parkinson JR, Parkes H, Navaratnam N, Miller AD, Thomas EL, Frost G, Bell JD. Reprogramming of hepatic fat accumulation and \u2018browning\u2019 of adipose tissue by the short-chain fatty acid acetate. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:955\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2335_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317609","volume":"68","author":"Y Wan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wan Y, Wang F, Yuan J, Li J, Jiang D, Zhang J, Li H, Wang R, Tang J, Huang T, et al. Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: a 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial. Gut. 2019;68:1417\u201329.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2335_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016518","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016518","volume":"9","author":"D Djekic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Djekic D, Shi L, Brolin H, Carlsson F, S\u00e4rnqvist C, Savolainen O, Cao Y, B\u00e4ckhed F, Tremaroli V, Landberg R, Fr\u00f8bert O. Effects of a vegetarian diet on cardiometabolic risk factors, gut microbiota, and plasma metabolome in subjects with ischemic heart disease: a randomized, crossover study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e016518.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2335_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030195","volume":"57","author":"H Szabo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szabo H, Hernyes A, Piroska M, Ligeti B, Fussy P, Zoldi L, Galyasz S, Makra N, Szabo D, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL. Association between gut microbial diversity and carotid intima-media thickness. Medicina. 2021;57:195.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"2335_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.03.013","volume":"153","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lindemann SR, Cross TL, Tang M, Clark CM, Campbell WW. Effects of adding lean red meat to a U.S.-style healthy vegetarian dietary pattern on gut microbiota and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: a crossover randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2023;153:1439\u201352.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2335_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5307","volume":"8","author":"H Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin H, Liu T, Li X, Gao X, Wu T, Li P. The role of gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide in functional impairment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporosis disease. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:1009.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2335_CR110","first-page":"936","volume":"23","author":"YH Oktaviono","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oktaviono YH, Lamara AD, Saputra PBT, Arnindita JN, Pasahari D, Saputra ME, Suasti NMA. The roles of trimethylamine-N-oxide in atherosclerosis and its potential therapeutic aspect: a literature review. Biomolecules Biomed. 2023;23:936.","journal-title":"Biomolecules Biomed"},{"key":"2335_CR111","first-page":"e002314","volume":"9","author":"CL Organ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Organ CL, Otsuka H, Bhushan S, Wang Z, Bradley J, Trivedi R, Polhemus DJ, Tang WHW, Wu Y, Hazen SL, Lefer DJ. Choline diet and its gut microbe\u2013derived metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide, exacerbate pressure overload\u2013induced heart failure. Circulation: Heart Fail. 2016;9:e002314.","journal-title":"Circulation: Heart Fail"},{"key":"2335_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073982","volume":"23","author":"G Querio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Querio G, Antoniotti S, Geddo F, Levi R, Gallo MP. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) impairs purinergic induced intracellular calcium increase and nitric oxide release in endothelial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:3982.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2335_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021997","volume":"49","author":"J Nie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nie J, Xie L, Zhao BX, Li Y, Qiu B, Zhu F, Li GF, He M, Wang Y, Wang B, et al. Serum trimethylamine N-oxide concentration is positively associated with first stroke in hypertensive patients. Stroke. 2018;49:2021\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2335_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090490","volume":"11","author":"K Jaworska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaworska K, Hering D, Mosieniak G, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Pilz M, Konwerski M, Gasecka A, Kap\u0142on-Cie\u015blicka A, Filipiak K, Sikora E. TMA, a forgotten uremic toxin, but not TMAO, is involved in cardiovascular pathology. Toxins. 2019;11:490.","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2335_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944155","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.944155","volume":"9","author":"Y Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu Y, Yang Y, Fang C, Liu X, Dong Y, Xu L, Chen M, Zuo K, Wang L. Prognostic value of plasma phenylalanine and gut microbiota-derived metabolite phenylacetylglutamine in coronary in-stent restenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:944155.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2335_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174526","volume":"911","author":"Z Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie Z, Liu X, Huang X, Liu Q, Yang M, Huang D, Zhao P, Tian J, Wang X, Hou J. Remodelling of gut microbiota by Berberine attenuates trimethylamine N-oxide-induced platelet hyperreaction and thrombus formation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;911:174526.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2335_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-754416","volume":"130","author":"S J\u00e4ckel","year":"2017","unstructured":"J\u00e4ckel S, Kiouptsi K, Lillich M, Hendrikx T, Khandagale A, Kollar B, H\u00f6rmann N, Reiss C, Subramaniam S, Wilms E, et al. Gut microbiota regulate hepatic von Willebrand factor synthesis and arterial thrombus formation via toll-like receptor-2. Blood. 2017;130:542\u201353.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2335_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120691","volume":"7","author":"A L\u00e4ssiger-Herfurth","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00e4ssiger-Herfurth A, Pontarollo G, Grill A, Reinhardt C. The gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease and arterial thrombosis. Microorganisms. 2019;7:691.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2335_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313142","volume":"123","author":"SM Skye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skye SM, Zhu W, Romano KA, Guo C-J, Wang Z, Jia X, Kirsop J, Haag B, Lang JM, DiDonato JA, et al. Microbial transplantation with human gut commensals containing CutC is sufficient to transmit enhanced platelet reactivity and thrombosis potential. Circul Res. 2018;123:1164\u201376.","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"key":"2335_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","volume":"161","author":"JM Yano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell. 2015;161:264\u201376.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2335_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schugar RC, Gliniak CM, Osborn LJ, Massey W, Sangwan N, Horak A, Banerjee R, Orabi D, Helsley RN, Brown AL et al. Gut microbe-targeted choline trimethylamine lyase inhibition improves obesity via rewiring of host circadian rhythms. Elife. 2022;11.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63998"},{"key":"2335_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0128-1","volume":"24","author":"AB Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts AB, Gu X, Buffa JA, Hurd AG, Wang Z, Zhu W, Gupta N, Skye SM, Cody DB, Levison BS, et al. Development of a gut microbe-targeted nonlethal therapeutic to inhibit thrombosis potential. Nat Med. 2018;24:1407\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2335_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6498","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7498","volume":"6","author":"J Miao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miao J, Ling AV, Manthena PV, Gearing ME, Graham MJ, Crooke RM, Croce KJ, Esquejo RM, Clish CB, Torrecilla E, et al. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 as a potential player in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6498.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2335_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109428","volume":"120","author":"L Iglesias-Carres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iglesias-Carres L, Chadwick-Corbin SA, Sweet MG, Neilson AP. Dietary phenolics and their microbial metabolites are poor inhibitors of trimethylamine oxidation to trimethylamine N-oxide by hepatic flavin monooxygenase 3. J Nutr Biochem. 2023;120:109428.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"2335_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1997.2307","volume":"37","author":"CG Nace","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nace CG, Genter MB, Sayre LM, Crofton KM. Effect of methimazole, an FMO substrate and competitive inhibitor, on the neurotoxicity of 3,3\u2019-iminodipropionitrile in male rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997;37:131\u201340.","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2335_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108341","volume":"78","author":"G Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang G, Kong B, Shuai W, Fu H, Jiang X, Huang H. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol attenuates cardiac remodeling in pressure-overload-induced heart failure mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2020;78:108341.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"2335_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29142","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29142","volume":"6","author":"C Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li C, Gao M, Zhang W, Chen C, Zhou F, Hu Z, Zeng C. Zonulin regulates intestinal permeability and facilitates enteric bacteria permeation in coronary artery disease. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29142.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2335_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90476-0","volume":"11","author":"G Gargari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gargari G, Mantegazza G, Taverniti V, Del Bo\u2019 C, Bernardi S, Andres-Lacueva C, Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez R, Kroon PA, Winterbone MS, Cherubini A, et al. Bacterial dnaemia is associated with serum zonulin levels in older subjects. Sci Rep. 2021;11:11054.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2335_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121150","volume":"311","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Karim A, Khan J, Qaisar R. Plasma zonulin correlates with cardiac dysfunction and poor physical performance in patients with chronic heart failure. Life Sci. 2022;311:121150.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2335_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41867-y","volume":"13","author":"E Pisano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pisano E, Bugli F, Severino A, Pedicino D, Paroni Sterbini F, Martini C, De Maio F, Vinci R, Sacconi A, Canonico F, et al. Microbial signature of plaque and gut in acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep. 2023;13:14775.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2335_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.09.026","volume":"33","author":"A Arango-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arango-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Lara-Guzm\u00e1n OJ, Rivera DA, \u00c1lvarez R, Salazar-Serrano D, Mu\u00f1oz-Durango K, Escobar JS, Sierra JA. Putative intestinal permeability markers do not correlate with cardiometabolic health and gut microbiota in humans, except for peptides recognized by a widely used zonulin ELISA kit. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;33:112\u201323.","journal-title":"Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livzan MA, Bikbavova GR, Lisyutenko NS, Romanyuk AE, Drapkina OM. Cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases-the role of endothelial dysfunction. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14161722"},{"key":"2335_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2023.00104","volume":"23","author":"S Lakhanpal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lakhanpal S, Aggarwal K, Kaur H, Kanwar K, Gupta V, Bhavsar J, Jain R. Cardiovascular disease: extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res. 2025;23:23\u201336.","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"2335_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00612.2020","volume":"319","author":"CV Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis CV, Taylor WR. Intestinal barrier dysfunction as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;319:H1227\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2335_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2024.101465","volume":"53","author":"M Shapira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shapira M, Roguin A, Fayad I, Medlij L, khateeb A, Egbaria D, Amsalem N, Abu Fanne R. Predictive value of baseline alpha defensin level in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a retrospective single center study. IJC Heart Vasculature. 2024;53:101465.","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasculature"},{"key":"2335_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0285-5","volume":"15","author":"Y Maneerat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maneerat Y, Prasongsukarn K, Benjathummarak S, Dechkhajorn W, Chaisri U. Increased alpha-defensin expression is associated with risk of coronary heart disease: a feasible predictive inflammatory biomarker of coronary heart disease in hyperlipidemia patients. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:117.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.046","volume":"194","author":"H Nassar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nassar H, Lavi E, Akkawi S, Bdeir K, Heyman SN, Raghunath PN, Tomaszewski J, Higazi AA. alpha-Defensin: link between inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194:452\u20137.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2335_CR138","first-page":"2007","volume":"94","author":"K Bdeir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bdeir K, Cane W, Canziani G, Chaiken I, Weisel J, Koschinsky ML, Lawn RM, Bannerman PG, Sachais BS, Kuo A, et al. Defensin promotes the binding of lipoprotein(a) to vascular matrix. Blood. 1999;94:2007\u201319.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2335_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-07-861237","volume":"133","author":"R Abu-Fanne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu-Fanne R, Stepanova V, Litvinov RI, Abdeen S, Bdeir K, Higazi M, Maraga E, Nagaswami C, Mukhitov AR, Weisel JW, et al. Neutrophil \u03b1-defensins promote thrombosis in vivo by altering fibrin formation, structure, and stability. Blood. 2019;133:481\u201393.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2335_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0326-7","volume":"17","author":"C Silvestre-Roig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silvestre-Roig C, Braster Q, Ortega-Gomez A, Soehnlein O. Neutrophils as regulators of cardiovascular inflammation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:327\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2335_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs021","volume":"14","author":"HM Christensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christensen HM, Frystyk J, Faber J, Schou M, Flyvbjerg A, Hildebrandt P, Raymond I, Klausen TW, Kistorp C. \u03b1-Defensins and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:387\u201394.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2335_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1910","volume":"93","author":"G Joseph","year":"2008","unstructured":"Joseph G, Tarnow L, Astrup AS, Hansen TK, Parving HH, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J. Plasma alpha-defensin is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1470\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2335_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.199810","volume":"30","author":"VB Abdul-Salam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdul-Salam VB, Ramrakha P, Krishnan U, Owen DR, Shalhoub J, Davies AH, Tang TY, Gillard JH, Boyle JJ, Wilkins MR, Edwards RJ. Identification and assessment of plasma lysozyme as a putative biomarker of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1027\u201333.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2335_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000198249.67996.e0","volume":"26","author":"SJ Janket","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janket SJ, Meurman JH, Nuutinen P, Qvarnstr\u00f6m M, Nunn ME, Baird AE, Van Dyke TE, Jones JA. Salivary lysozyme and prevalent coronary heart disease: possible effects of oral health on endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:433\u20134.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2335_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paeslack N, Reinhardt C. The impact of gut microbiota on vascularization of the small intestine. Microbiota Host. 2024;2.","DOI":"10.1530\/MAH-23-0021"},{"key":"2335_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guix\u00e9-Muntet S, Quesada-V\u00e1zquez S, Gracia-Sancho J. Pathophysiology and therapeutic options for cirrhotic portal hypertension. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;9(7):646\u2013663.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00438-7"},{"key":"2335_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.019","volume":"73","author":"M Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan M, Moghadamrad S, Sorribas M, Muntet SG, Kellmann P, Trentesaux C, Fraudeau M, Nanni P, Wolski W, Keller I, et al. Paneth cells promote angiogenesis and regulate portal hypertension in response to microbial signals. J Hepatol. 2020;73:628\u201339.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2335_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071503","volume":"10","author":"M Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan M, Juanola O, Keller I, Nanni P, Wolski W, Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez S, Caparr\u00f3s E, Franc\u00e9s R, Moghadamrad S. Paneth cells regulate lymphangiogenesis under control of microbial signals during experimental portal hypertension. Biomedicines. 2022;10:1503.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2335_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D730","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1113","volume":"53","author":"D Szklarczyk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Szklarczyk D, Nastou K, Koutrouli M, Kirsch R, Mehryary F, Hachilif R, Hu D, Peluso ME, Huang Q, Fang T, et al. The STRING database in 2025: protein networks with directionality of regulation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53:D730\u20137.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2335_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo B, Ding Y, Ji Q. NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases: an update. Front Immunol. 2025;16\u20132025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550226"},{"key":"2335_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-014-0415-z","volume":"109","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Y, Lian K, Zhang L, Wang R, Yi F, Gao C, Xin C, Zhu D, Li Y, Yan W, et al. TXNIP mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol. 2014;109:415.","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2335_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000658","volume":"73","author":"S Toldo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toldo S, Mauro AG, Cutter Z, Van Tassell BW, Mezzaroma E, Del Buono MG, Prestamburgo A, Potere N, Abbate A. The NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, OLT1177 (Dapansutrile), reduces infarct size and preserves contractile function after ischemia reperfusion injury in the mouse. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2019;73:215\u201322.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2335_CR153","first-page":"828","volume":"38","author":"GP van Hout","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Hout GP, Bosch L, Ellenbroek GH, de Haan JJ, van Solinge WW, Cooper MA, Arslan F, de Jager SC, Robertson AA, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE. The selective NLRP3-inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function in a pig model of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:828\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2335_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.94","volume":"7","author":"GX Song-Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song-Zhao GX, Srinivasan N, Pott J, Baban D, Frankel G, Maloy KJ. Nlrp3 activation in the intestinal epithelium protects against a mucosal pathogen. Mucosal Immunol. 2014;7:763\u201374.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2335_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120263","volume":"291","author":"L Rech","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rech L, Abdellatif M, P\u00f6ttler M, Stangl V, Mabotuwana N, Hardy S, Rainer PP. Small molecule STING inhibition improves myocardial infarction remodeling. Life Sci. 2022;291:120263.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2335_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1525","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00097.2020","volume":"318","author":"D Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu D, Cui YX, Wu MY, Li L, Su LN, Lian Z, Chen H. Cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS plays an essential pathogenetic role in pressure overload-induced heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;318:H1525\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2335_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031046","volume":"137","author":"DJ Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao DJ, Schiattarella GG, Villalobos E, Jiang N, May HI, Li T, Chen ZJ, Gillette TG, Hill JA. Cytosolic DNA sensing promotes macrophage transformation and governs myocardial ischemic injury. Circulation. 2018;137:2613\u201334.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2335_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4428","volume":"23","author":"KR King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King KR, Aguirre AD, Ye Y-X, Sun Y, Roh JD, Ng RP, Kohler RH, Arlauckas SP, Iwamoto Y, Savol A, et al. IRF3 and type I interferons fuel a fatal response to myocardial infarction. Nat Med. 2017;23:1481\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2335_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47235-2","volume":"15","author":"X Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren X, Liu Q, Zhou P, Zhou T, Wang D, Mei Q, Flavell RA, Liu Z, Li M, Pan W, Zhu S. DHX9 maintains epithelial homeostasis by restraining R-loop-mediated genomic instability in intestinal stem cells. Nat Commun. 2024;15:3080.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2335_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.199802","volume":"105","author":"P Blyszczuk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blyszczuk P, Kania G, Dieterle T, Marty RR, Valaperti A, Berthonneche C, Pedrazzini T, Berger CT, Dirnhofer S, Matter CM, et al. Myeloid differentiation Factor-88\/Interleukin-1 signaling controls cardiac fibrosis and heart failure progression in inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Circul Res. 2009;105:912\u201320.","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"key":"2335_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2234","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.140","volume":"7","author":"Y Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang Y, Lv J, Jiang S, Ma Z, Wang D, Hu W, Deng C, Fan C, Di S, Sun Y, Yi W. The emerging role of toll-like receptor 4 in myocardial inflammation. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2234\u20132234.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.564294","volume":"113","author":"RR Marty","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marty RR, Dirnhofer S, Mauermann N, Schweikert S, Akira S, Hunziker L, Penninger JM, Eriksson U. MyD88 signaling controls autoimmune myocarditis induction. Circulation. 2006;113:258\u201365.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2335_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115292","volume":"206","author":"W Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo W, Wu G, Chen X, Zhang Q, Zou C, Wang J, Liu J, Chattipakorn N, Wang Y, Liang G. Blockage of MyD88 in cardiomyocytes alleviates cardiac inflammation and cardiomyopathy in experimental diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2022;206:115292.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2335_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113975","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023113975","volume":"42","author":"I Balasubramanian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Flores J, Bianchi-Smak J, Lin X, Liu H, Sun S, Golovchenko NB, Liu Y, Wang D, et al. Infection and inflammation stimulate expansion of a CD74(+) Paneth cell subset to regulate disease progression. Embo J. 2023;42:e113975.","journal-title":"Embo J"},{"key":"2335_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312208","volume":"123","author":"M Abdellatif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdellatif M, Sedej S, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F, Kroemer G. Autophagy in cardiovascular aging. Circul Res. 2018;123:803\u201324.","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"key":"2335_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12714","volume":"20","author":"J Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu J, Man W, Shen M, Zhang M, Lin J, Wang T, Duan Y, Li C, Zhang R, Gao E, et al. Luteolin alleviates post-infarction cardiac dysfunction by up-regulating autophagy through Mst1 inhibition. J Cell Mol Med. 2016;20:147\u201356.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2335_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.044","volume":"93","author":"A Rezabakhsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rezabakhsh A, Ahmadi M, Khaksar M, Montaseri A, Malekinejad H, Rahbarghazi R, Garjani A. Rapamycin inhibits oxidative\/nitrosative stress and enhances angiogenesis in high glucose-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells: role of autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;93:885\u201394.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2335_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.11.008","volume":"56","author":"A Rezabakhsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R, Malekinejad H, Fathi F, Montaseri A, Garjani A. Quercetin alleviates high glucose-induced damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells by promoting autophagy. Phytomedicine. 2019;56:183\u201393.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2335_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8084","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26735","volume":"119","author":"A Rezabakhsh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rezabakhsh A, Fathi F, Bagheri HS, Malekinejad H, Montaseri A, Rahbarghazi R, Garjani A. Silibinin protects human endothelial cells from high glucose-induced injury by enhancing autophagic response. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119:8084\u201394.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2335_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1430462","volume":"14","author":"S Bel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bel S, Hooper LV. Secretory autophagy of lysozyme in Paneth cells. Autophagy. 2018;14:719\u201321.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2335_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S-L, Shao B-Z, Zhao S-B, Fang J, Gu L, Miao C-Y, Li Z-S, Bai Y. Impact of Paneth cell autophagy on inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9\u20132018.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00693"},{"key":"2335_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra100","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005262","volume":"7","author":"J Lauriol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lauriol J, Keith K, Jaffr\u00e9 F, Couvillon A, Saci A, Goonasekera SA, McCarthy JR, Kessinger CW, Wang J, Ke Q, et al. RhoA signaling in cardiomyocytes protects against stress-induced heart failure but facilitates cardiac fibrosis. Sci Signal. 2014;7:ra100\u2013100.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2335_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06928-8","volume":"15","author":"S Miyamoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyamoto S. Untangling the role of RhoA in the heart: protective effect and mechanism. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15:579.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024545","volume":"135","author":"FZ Marques","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marques FZ, Nelson E, Chu P-Y, Horlock D, Fiedler A, Ziemann M, Tan JK, Kuruppu S, Rajapakse NW, El-Osta A, et al. High-fiber diet and acetate supplementation change the gut microbiota and prevent the development of hypertension and heart failure in hypertensive mice. Circulation. 2017;135:964\u201377.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2335_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill ER, Wang Y, Davis EM, Campbell WW. Healthy dietary patterns with and without meat improved cardiometabolic disease risk factors in adults: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial. Nutrients. 2024;16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152542"},{"key":"2335_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.001","volume":"30","author":"RD Shah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shah RD, Tang ZZ, Chen G, Huang S, Ferguson JF. Soy food intake associates with changes in the metabolome and reduced blood pressure in a gut microbiota dependent manner. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30:1500\u201311.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2335_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118497.44961.1E","volume":"109","author":"S-J Janket","year":"2004","unstructured":"Janket S-J, Qvarnstr\u00f6m M, Meurman JH, Baird AE, Nuutinen P, Jones JA. Asymptotic dental score and prevalent coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2004;109:1095\u2013100.","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Cell Communication and Signaling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02335-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02335-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02335-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T15:47:43Z","timestamp":1757260063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biosignaling.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02335-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02335-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-811X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-811X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Affiliation for Anne Meddahi-Pell\u00e9 has been corrected. Affiliation 5 has also been corrected.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"347"}}