{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:37:35Z","timestamp":1793248655839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Commun Signal"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02431-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:24:44Z","timestamp":1760012684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Taurine can restrict MtdsRNA mediated pyroptosis by enhancing mitophagy in nucleus pulposus cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bide","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaizhen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingchao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanpeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huipeng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00729-9","volume":"54","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, Li G, Luo R, Lei J, Song Y, Wang B, et al. Cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggers cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis-dependent nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis. Exp Mol Med. 2022;54:129\u201342.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2431_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50045-1","volume":"15","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Qin X, Li G, Zhou X, Li H, Wu D, et al. Self-powered triboelectric-responsive microneedles with controllable release of optogenetically engineered extracellular vesicles for intervertebral disc degeneration repair. Nat Commun. 2024;15:5736.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2431_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI165140","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Li G, Zhou X, Liang H, Tong B, Wu D, et al. Disassembly of the TRIM56-ATR complex promotes cytodna\/cgas\/sting axis-dependent intervertebral disc inflammatory degeneration. J Clin Invest. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI165140.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28990-6","volume":"13","author":"G Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li G, Ma L, He S, Luo R, Wang B, Zhang W, et al. WTAP-mediated m(6)a modification of LncRNA NORAD promotes intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1469.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01210-4","volume":"30","author":"H Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang H, Luo R, Li G, Zhang W, Zhu D, Wu D, et al. Lysine methylation of PPP1CA by the methyltransferase SUV39H2 disrupts TFEB-dependent autophagy and promotes intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2023;30:2135\u201350.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2431_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10351","volume":"17","author":"B Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong B, Liao Z, Liu H, Ke W, Lei C, Zhang W, et al. Augmenting intracellular cargo delivery of extracellular vesicles in hypoxic tissues through inhibiting hypoxia-induced endocytic recycling. ACS Nano. 2023;17:2537\u201353.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2431_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2274205","volume":"20","author":"Y Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song Y, Liang H, Li G, Ma L, Zhu D, Zhang W, et al. The NLRX1-SLC39A7 complex orchestrates mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy to rejuvenate intervertebral disc by modulating mitochondrial Zn(2+) trafficking. Autophagy. 2024;20:809\u201329.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2431_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00650-7","volume":"53","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Lu S, Geng W, Feng X, Luo R, Li G, et al. Mitochondrial quality control in intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:1124\u201333.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2431_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51363-0","volume":"15","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Polo","year":"2024","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Polo V, Maus M, Zacharioudakis E, Lafarga M, Attolini CS, Marques FDM, et al. Release of mitochondrial DsRNA into the cytosol is a key driver of the inflammatory phenotype of senescent cells. Nat Commun. 2024;15:7378.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2431_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.06.023","volume":"84","author":"S Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim S, Tan S, Ku J, Widowati TA, Ku D, Lee K, et al. RNA 5-methylcytosine marks mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs for degradation and cytosolic release. Mol Cell. 2024;84:2935\u2013e487.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2431_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.07.029","volume":"71","author":"Y Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim Y, Park J, Kim S, Kim M, Kang MG, Kwak C, et al. PKR senses nuclear and mitochondrial signals by interacting with endogenous Double-Stranded RNAs. Mol Cell. 2018;71:1051\u2013e636.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111178","volume":"40","author":"S Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim S, Lee K, Choi YS, Ku J, Kim H, Kharbash R, et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs govern the stress response in chondrocytes to promote osteoarthritis development. Cell Rep. 2022;40:111178.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2431_CR13","first-page":"257","volume":"30","author":"J Yoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoon J, Lee M, Ali AA, Oh YR, Choi YS, Kim S, et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs as a pivotal mediator in the pathogenesis of Sj\u00f6ren\u2019s syndrome. Mol Ther. 2022;30:257\u201369.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087403","author":"J Yoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoon J, Ku D, Lee M, Lee N, Im SG, Kim Y. Resveratrol attenuates the mitochondrial RNA-mediated cellular response to immunogenic stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087403.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01121-x","volume":"55","author":"J Yoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoon J, Kim S, Lee M, Kim Y. Mitochondrial nucleic acids in innate immunity and beyond. Exp Mol Med. 2023;55:2508\u201318.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2431_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36664-0","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Zhang M, Wang W, Qu S, Liu M, Rong W, et al. Polynucleotide phosphorylase protects against renal tubular injury via blocking mt-dsRNA-PKR-eIF2\u03b1 axis. Nat Commun. 2023;14:1223.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31041","volume":"72","author":"JH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JH, Shim YR, Seo W, Kim MH, Choi WM, Kim HH, et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA in exosome promotes interleukin-17 production through toll-like receptor 3 in alcohol-associated liver injury. Hepatology. 2020;72:609\u201325.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2431_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0363-0","volume":"560","author":"A Dhir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhir A, Dhir S, Borowski LS, Jimenez L, Teitell M, R\u00f6tig A, et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA triggers antiviral signalling in humans. Nature. 2018;560:238\u201342.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2431_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05720-6","volume":"615","author":"A Hooftman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hooftman A, Peace CG, Ryan DG, Day EA, Yang M, McGettrick AF, et al. Macrophage fumarate hydratase restrains mtRNA-mediated interferon production. Nature. 2023;615:490\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2431_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.021","volume":"107","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, Fenster RJ, Pineda SS, Gibbs WS, Mohammadi S, Davila-Velderrain J, et al. Cell Type-Specific transcriptomics reveals that mutant Huntingtin leads to mitochondrial RNA release and neuronal innate immune activation. Neuron. 2020;107:891\u2013e9088.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12941","volume":"54","author":"K Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao K, An R, Xiang Q, Li G, Wang K, Song Y, et al. Acid-sensing ion channels regulate nucleus pulposus cell inflammation and pyroptosis via the NLRP3 inflammasome in intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Prolif. 2021;54:e12941.","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"2431_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.88534","volume":"20","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Z, Chen C, Yang X, Zhou Y, Cao X, Han C, et al. Dysfunction of STING autophagy degradation in senescent nucleus pulposus cells accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration. Int J Biol Sci. 2024;20:2370\u201387.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2431_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2313248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313248","volume":"36","author":"K Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun K, Yan C, Dai X, Shi Y, Li F, Chen L, et al. Catalytic Nanodots-Driven pyroptosis suppression in nucleus pulposus for antioxidant intervention of intervertebral disc degeneration. Adv Mater. 2024;36:e2313248.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2431_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45359","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Qiu C, Wang W, Peng J, Cheng X, Shangguan Y, et al. Cortistatin protects against intervertebral disc degeneration through targeting mitochondrial ROS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Theranostics. 2020;10:7015\u201333.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2431_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00962-2","volume":"20","author":"CG Hsu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsu CG, Li W, Sowden M, Ch\u00e1vez CL, Berk BC. Pnpt1 mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by MAVS and metabolic reprogramming in macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:131\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2431_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05770-w","volume":"615","author":"V Zecchini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zecchini V, Paupe V, Herranz-Montoya I, Janssen J, Wortel IMN, Morris JL, et al. Fumarate induces vesicular release of MtDNA to drive innate immunity. Nature. 2023;615:499\u2013506.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2431_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2719-5","volume":"586","author":"BR Morehouse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morehouse BR, Govande AA, Millman A, Keszei AFA, Lowey B, Ofir G, et al. STING cyclic dinucleotide sensing originated in bacteria. Nature. 2020;586:429\u201333.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2431_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00761-7","volume":"5","author":"T Doke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doke T, Mukherjee S, Mukhi D, Dhillon P, Abedini A, Davis JG, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation prevents mtRNA\/RIG-I-dependent inflammation during kidney injury. Nat Metab. 2023;5:414\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2431_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03269-w","volume":"591","author":"M Tigano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tigano M, Vargas DC, Tremblay-Belzile S, Fu Y, Sfeir A. Nuclear sensing of breaks in mitochondrial DNA enhances immune surveillance. Nature. 2021;591:477\u201381.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2431_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi3025","volume":"380","author":"J McGaunn","year":"2023","unstructured":"McGaunn J, Baur JA. Taurine linked with healthy aging. Science. 2023;380:1010\u20131.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2431_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao T, Zhang W, Wang Q, Wang C, Ma W, Zhang C et al. Cancer SLC6A6-mediated taurine uptake transactivates immune checkpoint genes and induces exhaustion in CD8(+) T cells. Cell. 2024; 187: 2288\u2009\u2013\u2009304.e27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.011"},{"key":"2431_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2276639","volume":"20","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang H, Ye J, Peng Y, Ma W, Chen H, Sun H, et al. CKLF induces microglial activation via triggering defective mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Autophagy. 2024;20:590\u2013613.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2431_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.039","volume":"166","author":"D Matheoud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matheoud D, Sugiura A, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Laplante A, Rondeau C, Chemali M, et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease-related proteins PINK1 and parkin repress mitochondrial antigen presentation. Cell. 2016;166:314\u201327.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2431_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14709","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04514","volume":"15","author":"Z Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao Z, Liu H, Ma L, Lei J, Tong B, Li G, et al. Engineering extracellular vesicles restore the impaired cellular uptake and attenuate intervertebral disc degeneration. ACS Nano. 2021;15:14709\u201324.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2431_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33638","volume":"9","author":"Z Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao Z, Luo R, Li G, Song Y, Zhan S, Zhao K, et al. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress to protect against nucleus pulposus cell death and ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. Theranostics. 2019;9:4084\u2013100.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2431_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-014-0457-0","volume":"28","author":"B Pacholczyk-Sienicka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pacholczyk-Sienicka B, Radek M, Radek A, Jankowski S. Characterization of metabolites determined by means of 1H HR MAS NMR in intervertebral disc degeneration. Magn Reson Mater Phys Biol Med. 2015;28:173\u201383.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phys Biol Med"},{"key":"2431_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817c64a9","volume":"33","author":"B Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han B, Zhu K, Li F-c, Xiao Y-x, Feng J, Shi Z-l, et al. A simple disc degeneration model induced by percutaneous needle puncture in the rat tail. Spine. 2008;33:1925\u201334.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2431_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002541","volume":"104","author":"K Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen K, Tian Z, Wang H, Qin L, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Zhang Y. Gene expression profiles perturbed by injury to the mouse intervertebral disc. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024;104:45\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Cell Communication and Signaling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02431-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02431-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02431-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:24:48Z","timestamp":1760012688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biosignaling.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02431-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-025-02431-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5630037\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1478-811X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-811X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"423"}}