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Initial mechanical injury breaches the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), triggering a rapid influx of neutrophils. However, previous studies on neutrophils after SCI have been relatively limited, the function and heterogeneity of neutrophils need further study. Here, we identified 3 distinct neutrophil subclusters post-SCI using scRNA-seq in SCI mouse models. Additionally, elevated levels of CD177\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neutrophils may aggravate inflammation and neuronal impairment based on our data from SCI patients and mice models. Further in vivo and in vitro assays indicate that CD177\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neutrophils induce pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages and microglia via neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in a peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner thus inducing neuronal apoptosis. Additionally, bone marrow transplantation from\n                    <jats:italic>Cd177<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout (KO) to\n                    <jats:italic>Cd177<\/jats:italic>\n                    wild-type (WT) mice improved functional recovery post-SCI. These findings elucidate the role of CD177\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neutrophils in SCI-related inflammation and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02553-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T03:45:51Z","timestamp":1765079151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neutrophil extracellular traps released by CD177+ neutrophils aggravated inflammation and neuronal impairment post-SCI"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Siming","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haofei","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","author":"A Anjum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anjum A, et al. Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21207533.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2553_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.06.003","volume":"321","author":"S David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David S, et al. Myeloid cell responses after spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;321:97\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2553_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102488","volume":"228","author":"BM Balog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balog BM, et al. Neutrophil biology in injuries and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. 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All biological samples from patients and healthy donors were collected after obtaining informed consent from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}