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However, the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly in leukemia resistance occurring in the bone marrow microenvironment, remain unclear. Here, we explore the role of direct stroma-leukemia interactions and transfer of membrane vesicles along with proteins as a mechanism of stroma-driven protection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>K562 CML leukemia cells and primary CD34\u2009+\u2009CML blasts were cultured alone or co-cultured with HS-5 stromal cells to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment conditions. Imatinib treatment was used experimentally as it is a standard first-line treatment in CML. Assessment of vesicles transfer, metabolic parameters, mitochondrial function phenotyping, Trans-SILAC proteomics and metabolomics, together with apoptosis assessment, verified the influence of stroma on metabolic plasticity, protein transfer and adaptation to imatinib in leukemic cells. Trans-system evaluated necessity of direct cell-cell contact. Data from single-cell atlas of diagnostic CML bone marrow were used to correlate gene expression profiles with clinical outcome. Telaglenastat was used to validate the clinical potential of our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stromal cells enhanced metabolic plasticity and oxidative capacity in leukemia, thereby protecting against metabolic decline and oxidative stress caused by imatinib. Direct stroma-leukemia contact was necessary for vesicles transfer, metabolic rearrangement and protection from imatinib-induced apoptosis. This was accompanied with shift towards OXPHOS activity, associated with increased utilization of non-glucose substrates. We found the presence of stromal TCA-related proteins in leukemic cells, associated with higher TCA cycle dynamics and activity, increased glutamine and reduced oxidative stress. The gene expression profiles correlated with clinical resistance to TKIs. Targeting the glutamine-TCA axis by telaglenastat in combination with imatinib reversed the stroma-driven protection, leading to increased apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study describes a novel mechanism of direct bone marrow-mediated protection of leukemic cells from imatinib\/TKI, related to transfer of metabolic proteins leading to higher activity of TCA cycle, metabolic plasticity and adaptation. Targeting the stroma-driven TCA cycle-related metabolism combined with imatinib presents a promising strategy to achieve therapeutic efficacy to overcome bone marrow microenvironment-mediated protection in CML.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02564-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T12:15:09Z","timestamp":1764677709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stroma-driven horizontal transfer of TCA-related proteins mediates metabolic plasticity and imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Chroscicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikodem","family":"Kasak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Dymkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Turos-Korgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Cysewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vira","family":"Chumak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Stepnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kusio-Kobialka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Kominek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Krop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Szczepanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Wieckowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Stoklosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zablocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piwocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.280800","volume":"108","author":"P Stelmach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stelmach P, Trumpp A. 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