{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:07:53Z","timestamp":1793138873003,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provincial Guiding Project of the 2025 Heilongjiang Undergraduate Innovation Training Program","award":["S202510226067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510226067"]}]},{"name":"Chronic Disease Management of the National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center","award":["GWJJMB202510021059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWJJMB202510021059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Commun Signal"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-026-02980-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:13:24Z","timestamp":1781176404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tunneling nanotubes: a new dimension of intercellular communication and recent progress"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2980_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","volume":"30","author":"M Colombo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colombo M, Raposo G, Th\u00e9ry C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30:255\u201389.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002576","volume":"1","author":"DA Goodenough","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goodenough DA, Paul DL. Gap junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009;1(1):a002576.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.040","volume":"100","author":"TC S\u00fcdhof","year":"2018","unstructured":"S\u00fcdhof TC. Towards an understanding of synapse formation. Neuron. 2018;100(2):276\u201393.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5660","key":"2980_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093133","volume":"303","author":"A Rustom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rustom A, Saffrich R, Markovic I, Walther P, Gerdes HH. Nanotubular highways for intercellular organelle transport. Science. 2004;303(5660):1007\u201310.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.3.1511","volume":"173","author":"B Onfelt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Onfelt B, Nedvetzki S, Yanagi K, Davis DM. Cutting edge: membrane nanotubes connect immune cells. J Immunol. 2004;173(3):1511\u20133.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2980_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105789","volume":"40","author":"D Cordero Cervantes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cordero Cervantes D, Zurzolo C. Peering into tunneling nanotubes-the path forward. EMBO J. 2021;40(8):e105789.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2980_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.211","volume":"22","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang X, Gerdes HH. Transfer of mitochondria via tunneling nanotubes rescues apoptotic PC12 cells. Cell Death Differ. 2015;22(7):1181\u201391.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2980_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansens RJJ, Tishchenko A, Favoreel HW: Bridging the Gap: Virus Long-Distance Spread via Tunneling Nanotubes. J Virol. 2020;94(8).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02120-19"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033093","volume":"7","author":"E Lou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lou E, Fujisawa S, Morozov A, Barlas A, Romin Y, Dogan Y, et al. Tunneling nanotubes provide a unique conduit for intercellular transfer of cellular contents in human malignant pleural mesothelioma. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33093.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27649-x","volume":"8","author":"S Desir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Desir S, O\u2019Hare P, Vogel RI, Sperduto W, Sarkari A, Dickson EL, et al. Chemotherapy-induced tunneling nanotubes mediate intercellular drug efflux in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9484.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2020.02.212","volume":"4","author":"O Korenkova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korenkova O, Pepe A, Zurzolo C. Fine intercellular connections in development: TNTs, cytonemes, or intercellular bridges? Cell Stress. 2020;4(2):30\u201343.","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"2980_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valappil DK, Raghavan A, Nath S: Detection and Quantification of Tunneling Nanotubes Using 3D Volume View Images. J Vis Exp 2022(186).","DOI":"10.3791\/63992"},{"issue":"24","key":"2980_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023113761","volume":"42","author":"JM Henderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henderson JM, Ljubojevic N, Belian S, Chaze T, Castaneda D, Battistella A, et al. Tunnelling nanotube formation is driven by Eps8\/IRSp53-dependent linear actin polymerization. EMBO J. 2023;42(24):e113761.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2980_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8476","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8476","volume":"177","author":"B Onfelt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Onfelt B, Nedvetzki S, Benninger RK, Purbhoo MA, Sowinski S, Hume AN, et al. Structurally distinct membrane nanotubes between human macrophages support long-distance vesicular traffic or surfing of bacteria. J Immunol. 2006;177(12):8476\u201383.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"2980_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.083279","volume":"125","author":"S Abounit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abounit S, Zurzolo C. Wiring through tunneling nanotubes--from electrical signals to organelle transfer. J Cell Sci. 2012;125(Pt 5):1089\u201398.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","volume":"7","author":"C Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 2018;7(1):1535750.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2980_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.11.017","volume":"102","author":"JL Gallop","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallop JL. Filopodia and their links with membrane traffic and cell adhesion. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2020;102:81\u20139.","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2005.11.002","volume":"18","author":"J Faix","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faix J, Rottner K. The making of filopodia. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006;18(1):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2980_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2406","volume":"9","author":"PK Mattila","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mattila PK, Lappalainen P. Filopodia: molecular architecture and cellular functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9(6):446\u201354.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39632","volume":"6","author":"E Delage","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delage E, Cervantes DC, P\u00e9nard E, Schmitt C, Syan S, Disanza A, et al. Differential identity of filopodia and tunneling nanotubes revealed by the opposite functions of actin regulatory complexes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:39632.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2980_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6697861","volume":"2021","author":"HE Walters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walters HE, Cox LS. Intercellular transfer of mitochondria between senescent cells through cytoskeleton-supported intercellular bridges requires mTOR and CDC42 signalling. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:6697861.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2980_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2019.06.005","volume":"57","author":"C Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang C, Scholpp S. Cytonemes in development. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2019;57:25\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2980_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.151","volume":"3","author":"TB Kornberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kornberg TB. Cytonemes and the dispersion of morphogens. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2014;3(6):445\u201363.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100617-062932","volume":"34","author":"YM Yamashita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamashita YM, Inaba M, Buszczak M. Specialized intercellular communications via cytonemes and nanotubes. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2018;34:59\u201384.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6846","volume":"6","author":"E Stanganello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stanganello E, Hagemann AI, Mattes B, Sinner C, Meyen D, Weber S, et al. Filopodia-based Wnt transport during vertebrate tissue patterning. Nat Commun. 2015;6:5846.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2009.07.008","volume":"19","author":"P Steigemann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steigemann P, Gerlich DW. Cytokinetic abscission: cellular dynamics at the midbody. Trends Cell Biol. 2009;19(11):606\u201316.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2980_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.11.006","volume":"31","author":"B Mierzwa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mierzwa B, Gerlich DW. Cytokinetic abscission: molecular mechanisms and temporal control. Dev Cell. 2014;31(5):525\u201338.","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.01.002","volume":"60","author":"F Vasilev","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vasilev F, Mihajlovi\u0107 AI, R\u00e9millard-Labrosse G, FitzHarris G. Long-lived cytokinetic bridges coordinate sister-cell elimination in mouse embryos. Dev Cell. 2025;60(11):1521-1531.e1525.","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.135","volume":"25","author":"L Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma L, Li Y, Peng J, Wu D, Zhao X, Cui Y, et al. Discovery of the migrasome, an organelle mediating release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration. Cell Res. 2015;25(1):24\u201338.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"7580","key":"2980_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16071","volume":"528","author":"M Osswald","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osswald M, Jung E, Sahm F, Solecki G, Venkataramani V, Blaes J, et al. Brain tumour cells interconnect to a functional and resistant network. Nature. 2015;528(7580):93\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"2980_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox070","volume":"19","author":"S Weil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weil S, Osswald M, Solecki G, Grosch J, Jung E, Lemke D, et al. Tumor microtubes convey resistance to surgical lesions and chemotherapy in gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(10):1316\u201326.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033195","volume":"7","author":"D Wittig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wittig D, Wang X, Walter C, Gerdes HH, Funk RH, Roehlecke C. Multi-level communication of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via tunneling nanotubes. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33195.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"23","key":"2980_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2233-y","volume":"73","author":"A Osteikoetxea-Moln\u00e1r","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osteikoetxea-Moln\u00e1r A, Szab\u00f3-Meleg E, T\u00f3th EA, Oszvald \u00c1, Izs\u00e9pi E, Kremlitzka M, et al. The growth determinants and transport properties of tunneling nanotube networks between B lymphocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73(23):4531\u201345.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08178-7","volume":"10","author":"A Sartori-Rupp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sartori-Rupp A, Cordero Cervantes D, Pepe A, Gousset K, Delage E, Corroyer-Dulmont S, et al. Correlative cryo-electron microscopy reveals the structure of TNTs in neuronal cells. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):342.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.201500004","volume":"107","author":"M B\u00e9nard","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00e9nard M, Schapman D, Lebon A, Monterroso B, Bellenger M, Le Foll F, et al. Structural and functional analysis of tunneling nanotubes (TnTs) using gCW STED and gconfocal approaches. Biol Cell. 2015;107(11):419\u201325.","journal-title":"Biol Cell"},{"issue":"7823","key":"2980_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2589-x","volume":"585","author":"L Alarcon-Martinez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alarcon-Martinez L, Villafranca-Baughman D, Quintero H, Kacerovsky JB, Dotigny F, Murai KK, et al. Interpericyte tunnelling nanotubes regulate neurovascular coupling. Nature. 2020;585(7823):91\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-018-0493-z","volume":"13","author":"J Uhl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uhl J, Gujarathi S, Waheed AA, Gordon A, Freed EO, Gousset K. Myosin-X is essential to the intercellular spread of HIV-1 Nef through tunneling nanotubes. J Cell Commun Signal. 2019;13(2):209\u201324.","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"2980_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hal\u00e1sz H, T\u00e1rnai V, Matk\u00f3 J, Nyitrai M, Szab\u00f3-Meleg E: Cooperation of Various Cytoskeletal Components Orchestrates Intercellular Spread of Mitochondria between B-Lymphoma Cells through Tunnelling Nanotubes. Cells. 2024;13(7).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070607"},{"issue":"49","key":"2980_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27418","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c06365","volume":"97","author":"F Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang F, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Gu S, Zhao C, Zhuang J, et al. Real-time observation of tunneling nanotube dynamics and its mediated intracellular ROS regulation using SICM and SECM. Anal Chem. 2025;97(49):27418\u201326.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59221-x","volume":"10","author":"H Alimohamadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alimohamadi H, Ovryn B, Rangamani P. Modeling membrane nanotube morphology: the role of heterogeneity in composition and material properties. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2527.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"2980_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047429","volume":"7","author":"X Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang X, Bukoreshtliev NV, Gerdes HH. Developing neurons form transient nanotubes facilitating electrical coupling and calcium signaling with distant astrocytes. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(10):e47429.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2980_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2024.10.016","volume":"60","author":"O Korenkova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Korenkova O, Liu S, Prlesi I, Pepe A, Albadri S, Del Bene F, et al. Tunneling nanotubes enable intercellular transfer in zebrafish embryos. Dev Cell. 2025;60(4):524-534.e523.","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2980_CR43","volume":"2","author":"KP Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter KP, Hanna S, Genna A, Lewis D, Segall JE, Cox D. Macrophages enhance 3D invasion in a breast cancer cell line by induction of tumor cell tunneling nanotubes. Cancer Rep (Hoboken). 2019;2(6):e1213.","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2980_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole JM, Dahl R, Cowden Dahl KD: MAPK Signaling Is Required for Generation of Tunneling Nanotube-Like Structures in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13020274"},{"key":"2980_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awanis G, Banerjee S, Johnson R, Raveenthiraraj S, Elmeligy A, Warren D, Gavrilovic J, Sobolewski A: HGF\/c-Met\/\u03b21-integrin signalling axis induces tunneling nanotubes in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Life Sci Alliance. 2023;6(10).","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202301953"},{"issue":"Pt 16","key":"2980_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02507","volume":"118","author":"D Zhu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu D, Tan KS, Zhang X, Sun AY, Sun GY, Lee JC. Hydrogen peroxide alters membrane and cytoskeleton properties and increases intercellular connections in astrocytes. J Cell Sci. 2005;118(Pt 16):3695\u2013703.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2980_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2010.147","volume":"18","author":"Y Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Y, Cui J, Sun X, Zhang Y. Tunneling-nanotube development in astrocytes depends on p53 activation. Cell Death Differ. 2011;18(4):732\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04040-0","volume":"79","author":"A Raghavan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raghavan A, Rao P, Neuzil J, Pountney DL, Nath S. Oxidative stress and Rho GTPases in the biogenesis of tunnelling nanotubes: implications in disease and therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;79(1):36.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08950-7","volume":"7","author":"SJ Hanna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hanna SJ, McCoy-Simandle K, Miskolci V, Guo P, Cammer M, Hodgson L, et al. The role of Rho-GTPases and actin polymerization during macrophage tunneling nanotube biogenesis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8547.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2980_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.201386030","volume":"33","author":"T Ahmad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmad T, Mukherjee S, Pattnaik B, Kumar M, Singh S, Kumar M, et al. Miro1 regulates intercellular mitochondrial transport & enhances mesenchymal stem cell rescue efficacy. EMBO J. 2014;33(9):994\u20131010.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2980_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2372","volume":"34","author":"MV Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson MV, Morrison TJ, Doherty DF, McAuley DF, Matthay MA, Kissenpfennig A, et al. Mitochondrial transfer via tunneling nanotubes is an important mechanism by which mesenchymal stem cells enhance macrophage phagocytosis in the in vitro and in vivo models of ARDS. Stem Cells. 2016;34(8):2210\u201323.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.358","volume":"7","author":"D Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang D, Gao F, Zhang Y, Wong DS, Li Q, Tse HF, et al. Mitochondrial transfer of mesenchymal stem cells effectively protects corneal epithelial cells from mitochondrial damage. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(11):e2467.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2980_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.21","volume":"17","author":"AP West","year":"2017","unstructured":"West AP, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(6):363\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7285","key":"2980_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08780","volume":"464","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, Sumi Y, Sursal T, Junger W, et al. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature. 2010;464(7285):104\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"2980_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj3995","volume":"8","author":"M Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang M, Lee OC, Bu G, Oh J, Yunn NO, Ryu SH, et al. Formation of cellular close-ended tunneling nanotubes through mechanical deformation. Sci Adv. 2022;8(13):eabj3995.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2980_CR56","first-page":"767","volume":"126","author":"C Schiller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schiller C, Diakopoulos KN, Rohwedder I, Kremmer E, von Toerne C, Ueffing M, et al. LST1 promotes the assembly of a molecular machinery responsible for tunneling nanotube formation. J Cell Sci. 2013;126(Pt 3):767\u201377.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2016.07.006","volume":"44","author":"D Reichert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reichert D, Scheinpflug J, Karbanov\u00e1 J, Freund D, Bornh\u00e4user M, Corbeil D. Tunneling nanotubes mediate the transfer of stem cell marker CD133 between hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol. 2016;44(11):1092-1112.e1092.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.08.009","volume":"23","author":"SC Watkins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watkins SC, Salter RD. Functional connectivity between immune cells mediated by tunneling nanotubules. Immunity. 2005;23(3):309\u201318.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2980_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarcon-Martinez L, Shiga Y, Villafranca-Baughman D, Belforte N, Quintero H, Dotigny F, Cueva Vargas JL, Di Polo A: Pericyte dysfunction and loss of interpericyte tunneling nanotubes promote neurovascular deficits in glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(7).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110329119"},{"key":"2980_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez Perez A, Tovar J, Gousset K: Myosin-X Acts Upstream of L-Plastin to Drive Stress-Induced Tunneling Nanotubes. Cells. 2026;15(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030224"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2980_CR61","first-page":"27","volume":"5","author":"JD Rotty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rotty JD, Bear JE. Competition and collaboration between different actin assembly pathways allows for homeostatic control of the actin cytoskeleton. BioArchitecture. 2014;5(1\u20132):27\u201334.","journal-title":"BioArchitecture"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70190","volume":"600","author":"M Enomoto","year":"2026","unstructured":"Enomoto M, Asada A, Saito T, Ando K. CCT4 promotes tunneling nanotube formation. FEBS Lett. 2026;600(1):39\u201347.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"2980_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1990","volume":"11","author":"K Hase","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hase K, Kimura S, Takatsu H, Ohmae M, Kawano S, Kitamura H, et al. M-Sec promotes membrane nanotube formation by interacting with Ral and the exocyst complex. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11(12):1427\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33548","volume":"6","author":"S Kimura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kimura S, Yamashita M, Yamakami-Kimura M, Sato Y, Yamagata A, Kobashigawa Y, et al. Distinct roles for the N- and C-terminal regions of M-Sec in plasma membrane deformation during tunneling nanotube formation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:33548.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2980_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Aloia A, Arrigoni E, Costa B, Berruti G, Martegani E, Sacco E, Ceriani M: RalGPS2 Interacts with Akt and PDK1 Promoting Tunneling Nanotubes Formation in Bladder Cancer and Kidney Cells Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(24).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246330"},{"issue":"12","key":"2980_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.441","volume":"7","author":"H Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu H, Xue C, Xu X, Guo Y, Li X, Lu J, et al. Rab8a\/Rab11a regulate intercellular communications between neural cells via tunneling nanotubes. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(12):e2523.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"2980_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2008.08.022","volume":"314","author":"S Gurke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gurke S, Barroso JF, Hodneland E, Bukoreshtliev NV, Schlicker O, Gerdes HH. Tunneling nanotube (TNT)-like structures facilitate a constitutive, actomyosin-dependent exchange of endocytic organelles between normal rat kidney cells. Exp Cell Res. 2008;314(20):3669\u201383.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"2980_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201593411","volume":"35","author":"S Abounit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abounit S, Bousset L, Loria F, Zhu S, de Chaumont F, Pieri L, et al. Tunneling nanotubes spread fibrillar \u03b1-synuclein by intercellular trafficking of lysosomes. EMBO J. 2016;35(19):2120\u201338.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2980_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001287","volume":"19","author":"A Dilsizoglu Senol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dilsizoglu Senol A, Samarani M, Syan S, Guardia CM, Nonaka T, Liv N, et al. \u03b1-Synuclein fibrils subvert lysosome structure and function for the propagation of protein misfolding between cells through tunneling nanotubes. PLoS Biol. 2021;19(7):e3001287.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1835","volume":"33","author":"S Naphade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naphade S, Sharma J, Gaide Chevronnay HP, Shook MA, Yeagy BA, Rocca CJ, et al. Brief reports: lysosomal cross-correction by hematopoietic stem cell-derived macrophages via tunneling nanotubes. Stem Cells. 2015;33(1):301\u20139.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"13","key":"2980_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20939","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15467","volume":"8","author":"I S\u00e1enz-de-Santa-Mar\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e1enz-de-Santa-Mar\u00eda I, Bernardo-Casti\u00f1eira C, Enciso E, Garc\u00eda-Moreno I, Chiara JL, Suarez C, et al. Control of long-distance cell-to-cell communication and autophagosome transfer in squamous cell carcinoma via tunneling nanotubes. Oncotarget. 2017;8(13):20939\u201360.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2080382","volume":"19","author":"F Barutta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barutta F, Bellini S, Kimura S, Hase K, Corbetta B, Corbelli A, et al. Protective effect of the tunneling nanotube-TNFAIP2\/M-sec system on podocyte autophagy in diabetic nephropathy. Autophagy. 2023;19(2):505\u201324.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2980_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2022.2026515","volume":"15","author":"F Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng F, Luo Z, Lin X, Wang W, Aschner M, Cai P, et al. Intercellular transfer of mitochondria via tunneling nanotubes protects against cobalt nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity and mitochondrial damage. Nanotoxicology. 2021;15(10):1358\u201379.","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2980_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15539","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14695","volume":"8","author":"J Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu J, Zheng X, Li F, Yu Y, Chen Z, Liu Z, et al. Tunneling nanotubes promote intercellular mitochondria transfer followed by increased invasiveness in bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2017;8(9):15539\u201352.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93775-8","volume":"11","author":"S Valdebenito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valdebenito S, Malik S, Luu R, Loudig O, Mitchell M, Okafo G, et al. Tunneling nanotubes, TNT, communicate glioblastoma with surrounding non-tumor astrocytes to adapt them to hypoxic and metabolic tumor conditions. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14556.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2980_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-94","volume":"11","author":"J Pasquier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pasquier J, Guerrouahen BS, Al Thawadi H, Ghiabi P, Maleki M, Abu-Kaoud N, et al. Preferential transfer of mitochondria from endothelial to cancer cells through tunneling nanotubes modulates chemoresistance. J Transl Med. 2013;11:94.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"46","key":"2980_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9873","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706365114","volume":"114","author":"G Haimovich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haimovich G, Ecker CM, Dunagin MC, Eggan E, Raj A, Gerst JE, et al. Intercellular mRNA trafficking via membrane nanotube-like extensions in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(46):E9873-e9882.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2980_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta S, Dayagi DY, Haimovich G, Wyler E, Olender T, Singer RH, Landthaler M, Gerst JE: Global analysis of contact-dependent human-to-mouse intercellular mRNA and lncRNA transfer in cell culture. Elife. 2023;12.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83584"},{"issue":"5","key":"2980_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.05.011","volume":"164","author":"V Thayanithy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thayanithy V, Dickson EL, Steer C, Subramanian S, Lou E. Tumor-stromal cross talk: direct cell-to-cell transfer of oncogenic microRNAs via tunneling nanotubes. Transl Res. 2014;164(5):359\u201365.","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"2980_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40360","volume":"7","author":"A Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar A, Kim JH, Ranjan P, Metcalfe MG, Cao W, Mishina M, et al. Influenza virus exploits tunneling nanotubes for cell-to-cell spread. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40360.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2980_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.11.026","volume":"74","author":"C Schiller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schiller C, Huber JE, Diakopoulos KN, Weiss EH. Tunneling nanotubes enable intercellular transfer of MHC class I molecules. Hum Immunol. 2013;74(4):412\u20136.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401832","volume":"194","author":"CR Zaccard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaccard CR, Watkins SC, Kalinski P, Fecek RJ, Yates AL, Salter RD, et al. CD40L induces functional tunneling nanotube networks exclusively in dendritic cells programmed by mediators of type 1 immunity. J Immunol. 2015;194(3):1047\u201356.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1841","volume":"11","author":"K Gousset","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gousset K, Schiff E, Langevin C, Marijanovic Z, Caputo A, Browman DT, et al. Prions hijack tunnelling nanotubes for intercellular spread. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11(3):328\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0386-4","volume":"4","author":"M Tardivel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tardivel M, B\u00e9gard S, Bousset L, Dujardin S, Coens A, Melki R, et al. Tunneling nanotube (TNT)-mediated neuron-to neuron transfer of pathological Tau protein assemblies. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016;4(1):117.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2045-8","volume":"10","author":"MD Kolba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolba MD, Dudka W, Zar\u0119ba-Kozio\u0142 M, Kominek A, Ronchi P, Turos L, et al. Tunneling nanotube-mediated intercellular vesicle and protein transfer in the stroma-provided imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(11):817.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2980_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.03.007","volume":"100","author":"IF Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith IF, Shuai J, Parker I. Active generation and propagation of Ca2+ signals within tunneling membrane nanotubes. Biophys J. 2011;100(8):L37-39.","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2980_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2016.06.004","volume":"60","author":"JT Lock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lock JT, Parker I, Smith IF. Communication of Ca(2+) signals via tunneling membrane nanotubes is mediated by transmission of inositol trisphosphate through gap junctions. Cell Calcium. 2016;60(4):266\u201372.","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"5","key":"2980_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05835-8","volume":"14","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Nonaka T, Hasegawa M, Zurzolo C. Tunnelling nanotubes between neuronal and microglial cells allow bi-directional transfer of \u03b1-Synuclein and mitochondria. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(5):329.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"2980_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.06.029","volume":"112","author":"H Scheiblich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheiblich H, Eikens F, Wischhof L, Opitz S, J\u00fcngling K, Cser\u00e9p C, et al. Microglia rescue neurons from aggregate-induced neuronal dysfunction and death through tunneling nanotubes. Neuron. 2024;112(18):3106-3125.e3108.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"8103","key":"2980_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09896-x","volume":"650","author":"J Xu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu J, Li Y, Novak C, Lee M, Yan Z, Bang S, et al. Mitochondrial transfer from glia to neurons protects against peripheral neuropathy. Nature. 2026;650(8103):951\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-01000-4","volume":"17","author":"T Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha T, Dash C, Jayabalan R, Khiste S, Kulkarni A, Kurmi K, et al. Intercellular nanotubes mediate mitochondrial trafficking between cancer and immune cells. Nat Nanotechnol. 2022;17(1):98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13324","volume":"12","author":"K Kato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kato K, Nguyen KT, Decker CW, Silkwood KH, Eck SM, Hernandez JB, et al. Tunneling nanotube formation promotes survival against 5-fluorouracil in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio. 2022;12(1):203\u201310.","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"issue":"21","key":"2980_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-634238","volume":"126","author":"R Polak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polak R, de Rooij B, Pieters R, den Boer ML. B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells use tunneling nanotubes to orchestrate their microenvironment. Blood. 2015;126(21):2404\u201314.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"2980_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7946","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13853","volume":"8","author":"M Omsland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Omsland M, Bruserud \u00d8, Gjertsen BT, Andresen V. Tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation is downregulated by cytarabine and NF-\u03baB inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Oncotarget. 2017;8(5):7946\u201363.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"5","key":"2980_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00556-5","volume":"4","author":"DC Watson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watson DC, Bayik D, Storevik S, Moreino SS, Sprowls SA, Han J, et al. GAP43-dependent mitochondria transfer from astrocytes enhances glioblastoma tumorigenicity. Nat Cancer. 2023;4(5):648\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"8049","key":"2980_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08439-0","volume":"638","author":"H Ikeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikeda H, Kawase K, Nishi T, Watanabe T, Takenaga K, Inozume T, et al. Immune evasion through mitochondrial transfer in the tumour microenvironment. Nature. 2025;638(8049):225\u201336.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"35","key":"2980_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500148","volume":"12","author":"M Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen M, Zhao S, Xie X, Wang J, Su M, Zhang L, et al. Role of tunneling nanotubes in Arachidonic Acid transfer and macrophage function reprogramming in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025;12(35):e00148.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"6739","key":"2980_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add3417","volume":"387","author":"L Miao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miao L, Lu Y, Nusrat A, Fan G, Zhang S, Zhao L, et al. Tunneling nanotube-like structures regulate distant cellular interactions during heart formation. Science. 2025;387(6739):eadd3417.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-018-0114-5","volume":"15","author":"M Errede","year":"2018","unstructured":"Errede M, Mangieri D, Longo G, Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Vimercati A, et al. Tunneling nanotubes evoke pericyte\/endothelial communication during normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2018;15(1):28.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2980_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista-Almeida D, Ribeiro-Rodrigues T, Martins-Marques T, Cortes L, Antunes MJ, Antunes PE, Gon\u00e7alves L, Brou C, Aasen T, Zurzolo C et al: Ischaemia impacts TNT-mediated communication between cardiac cells. Current Research in Cell Biology. 2020;1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crcbio.2020.04.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4726","volume":"13","author":"H Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han H, Hu J, Yan Q, Zhu J, Zhu Z, Chen Y, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescue injured H9c2 cells via transferring intact mitochondria through tunneling nanotubes in an in vitro simulated ischemia\/reperfusion model. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13(2):1517\u201324.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2980_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempf S, Popp R, Naeem Z, Fr\u00f6mel T, Wittig I, Klatt S, Fleming I: Pericyte-to-Endothelial Cell Communication via Tunneling Nanotubes Is Disrupted by a Diol of Docosahexaenoic Acid. Cells. 2024;13(17).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171429"},{"key":"2980_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-11-29","volume":"11","author":"A Cseleny\u00e1k","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cseleny\u00e1k A, Pankotai E, Horv\u00e1th EM, Kiss L, Lacza Z. Mesenchymal stem cells rescue cardiomyoblasts from cell death in an in vitro ischemia model via direct cell-to-cell connections. BMC Cell Biol. 2010;11:29.","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2980_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.08.009","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yu Z, Jiang D, Liang X, Liao S, Zhang Z, et al. iPSC-MSCs with high intrinsic MIRO1 and sensitivity to TNF-\u03b1 yield efficacious mitochondrial transfer to rescue Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. Stem Cell Reports. 2016;7(4):749\u201363.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2025.2474897","volume":"30","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Meng S, Chen Y, Wang H, Hu W, Liu S, et al. MSC-mediated mitochondrial transfer promotes metabolic reprograming in endothelial cells and vascular regeneration in ARDS. Redox Rep. 2025;30(1):2474897.","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2008.08.005","volume":"254","author":"EA Eugenin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eugenin EA, Gaskill PJ, Berman JW. Tunneling nanotubes (TNT) are induced by HIV-infection of macrophages: a potential mechanism for intercellular HIV trafficking. Cell Immunol. 2009;254(2):142\u20138.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00528-y","volume":"17","author":"S Lotfi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lotfi S, Nasser H, Noyori O, Hiyoshi M, Takeuchi H, Koyanagi Y, et al. M-Sec facilitates intercellular transmission of HIV-1 through multiple mechanisms. Retrovirology. 2020;17(1):20.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2980_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005922","volume":"12","author":"F El Najjar","year":"2016","unstructured":"El Najjar F, Cifuentes-Mu\u00f1oz N, Chen J, Zhu H, Buchholz UJ, Moncman CL, et al. Human metapneumovirus induces reorganization of the Actin cytoskeleton for direct cell-to-cell spread. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(9):e1005922.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07867-0","volume":"12","author":"A Merolli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merolli A, Kasaei L, Ramasamy S, Kolloli A, Kumar R, Subbian S, et al. An intra-cytoplasmic route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission unveiled by Helium-ion microscopy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3794.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56927-2","volume":"16","author":"RT Michita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Michita RT, Tran LB, Bark SJ, Kumar D, Toner SA, Jose J, et al. Zika virus NS1 drives tunneling nanotube formation for mitochondrial transfer and stealth transmission in trophoblasts. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):1803.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2186336","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Zhao Y, Teng QY, Zhang XH, Xue J, Zhang GZ. Methyltransferase K-D-K-E motif influences the intercellular transmission of Newcastle disease virus. Virulence. 2023;14(1):2186336.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"11","key":"2980_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00563","volume":"21","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Zhao D. Invisible bridges: unveiling the role and prospects of tunneling nanotubes in cancer therapy. Mol Pharm. 2024;21(11):5413\u201329.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2980_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari V, Koganti R, Russell G, Sharma A, Shukla D: Role of Tunneling Nanotubes in Viral Infection, Neurodegenerative Disease, and Cancer. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.680891"},{"issue":"43","key":"2980_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9920","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.8b07305","volume":"122","author":"J Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang J, Whitehead J, Liu Y, Yang Q, Leach JK, Liu G-y. Direct observation of tunneling nanotubes within human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. J Phys Chem B. 2018;122(43):9920\u20136.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"issue":"9","key":"2980_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.03.065","volume":"583","author":"NV Bukoreshtliev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bukoreshtliev NV, Wang X, Hodneland E, Gurke S, Barroso JF, Gerdes HH. Selective block of tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation inhibits intercellular organelle transfer between PC12 cells. FEBS Lett. 2009;583(9):1481\u20138.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2980_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilsizoglu Senol A, Pepe A, Grudina C, Sassoon N, Reiko U, Bousset L, Melki R, Piel J, Gugger M, Zurzolo C: Effect of tolytoxin on tunneling nanotube formation and function. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42161-6"},{"key":"2980_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omsland M, Pise-Masison C, Fujikawa D, Galli V, Fenizia C, Parks RW, Gjertsen BT, Franchini G, Andresen V: Inhibition of Tunneling Nanotube (TNT) Formation and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Transmission by Cytarabine. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29391-w"},{"key":"2980_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitali E, Boemi I, Tarantola G, Piccini S, Zerbi A, Veronesi G, Baldelli R, Mazziotti G, Smiroldo V, Lavezzi E et al: Metformin and Everolimus: A Promising Combination for Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment. Cancers. 2020;12(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082143"},{"key":"2980_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller KE, Bradley JM, Sun YY, Yang Y-F, Acott TS: Tunneling Nanotubes are Novel Cellular Structures That Communicate Signals Between Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 2017;58(12).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22732"},{"key":"2980_CR120","volume":"3","author":"J Ady","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ady J, Thayanithy V, Mojica K, Wong P, Carson J, Rao P, et al. Tunneling nanotubes: an alternate route for propagation of the bystander effect following oncolytic viral infection. Mol Ther. 2016;3:16029.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2980_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.03.019","volume":"20","author":"B Hetrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hetrick B, Han MS, Helgeson LA, Nolen BJ. Small molecules CK-666 and CK-869 inhibit actin-related protein 2\/3 complex by blocking an activating conformational change. Chem Biol. 2013;20(5):701\u201312.","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2980_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22732","volume":"58","author":"KE Keller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keller KE, Bradley JM, Sun YY, Yang YF, Acott TS. Tunneling nanotubes are novel cellular structures that communicate signals between Trabecular Meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(12):5298\u2013307.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29391-w","volume":"8","author":"M Omsland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omsland M, Pise-Masison C, Fujikawa D, Galli V, Fenizia C, Parks RW, et al. Inhibition of tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) transmission by Cytarabine. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11118.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2980_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kezic A, Popovic L, Lalic K, Das A: mTOR Inhibitor Therapy and Metabolic Consequences: Where Do We Stand? Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018;2018(1).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2640342"},{"key":"2980_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43150","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9504","volume":"7","author":"S Snider Desir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Snider Desir S, Dickson EL, Vogel RI, Thayanithy V, Wong P, Teoh D, et al. Tunneling nanotube formation is stimulated by hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7:43150\u201361.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2980_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang P-C, Lou E, Fujisawa S, Morozov A, Barlas A, Romin Y, Dogan Y, Gholami S, Moreira AL, Manova-Todorova K et al: Tunneling Nanotubes Provide a Unique Conduit for Intercellular Transfer of Cellular Contents in Human Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. PLoS One. 2012;7(3).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033093"},{"issue":"4","key":"2980_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.20569","volume":"5","author":"E Lou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lou E, Fujisawa S, Barlas A, Romin Y, Manova-Todorova K, Moore MAS, et al. Tunneling nanotubes. Commun Integr Biol. 2014;5(4):399\u2013403.","journal-title":"Commun Integr Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resnik N, Levallet G, Errede M, Re F, Virgintino D: Editorial: Molecular profiles of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in human diseases-from 2D cultures to complex tissue. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2024;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1461453"},{"key":"2980_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.12.048","volume":"212","author":"Y Du","year":"2026","unstructured":"Du Y, Peng Y, Yang Y, Yang Z, Gao D, Li J, et al. Mitochondrial transfer through tunneling nanotubes inspires an innovative strategy for intercellular drug delivery. Acta Biomater. 2026;212:671\u201384.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"2980_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai X, Wang M, Mu P, Jian T, Liu D, Ding S, Luo Y, Du D, Song Y, Chen C-L et al: Sequence-Defined Nanotubes Assembled from IR780-Conjugated Peptoids for Chemophototherapy of Malignant Glioma. Research. 2021;2021.","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/9861384"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70190","volume":"600","author":"M Enomoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Enomoto M, Asada A, Saito T, Ando K. CCT4 promotes tunneling nanotube formation. FEBS Lett. 2025;600(1):39\u201347.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2980_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tishchenko A, Azor\u00edn DD, Vidal-Brime L, Mu\u00f1oz MJ, Arenas PJ, Pearce C, Girao H, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal S, Aasen T: Cx43 and Associated Cell Signaling Pathways Regulate Tunneling Nanotubes in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers. 2020;12(10).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102798"},{"key":"2980_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2021.03.003","volume":"71","author":"C Zurzolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zurzolo C. Tunneling nanotubes: reshaping connectivity. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2021;71:139\u201347.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattar KE, Safi J, Rodriguez AM, Vignais ML: Intercellular Communication in the Brain through Tunneling Nanotubes. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051207"},{"issue":"3","key":"2980_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2024","volume":"105","author":"F Palese","year":"2025","unstructured":"Palese F, Rakotobe M, Zurzolo C. Transforming the concept of connectivity: unveiling tunneling nanotube biology and their roles in brain development and neurodegeneration. Physiol Rev. 2025;105(3):1823\u201365.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2980_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.103723","volume":"6","author":"V Baker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baker V, Budinger D, Riechers SP, Heneka MT. Protocol for observing tunneling nanotube formation and function in both fixed and live primary mouse neurons and microglia coculture system. STAR Protoc. 2025;6(2):103723.","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2980_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-021-00656-9","volume":"101","author":"JQ Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang JQ, Takahashi A, Gu JY, Zhang X, Kyumoto-Nakamura Y, Kukita A, et al. In vitro and in vivo detection of tunneling nanotubes in normal and pathological osteoclastogenesis involving osteoclast fusion. Lab Invest. 2021;101(12):1571\u201384.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2980_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanna SJ, McCoy-Simandle K, Leung E, Genna A, Condeelis J, Cox D: Tunneling nanotubes, a novel mode of tumor cell-macrophage communication in tumor cell invasion. J Cell Sci. 2019;132(3).","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.223321"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.27934","volume":"7","author":"MW Austefjord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Austefjord MW, Gerdes HH, Wang X. Tunneling nanotubes: diversity in morphology and structure. Commun Integr Biol. 2014;7(1):e27934.","journal-title":"Commun Integr Biol"},{"key":"2980_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.110921","volume":"209","author":"C Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou C, Huang M, Wang S, Chu S, Zhang Z, Chen N. Tunneling nanotubes: the transport highway for astrocyte-neuron communication in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull. 2024;209:110921.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2980_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matejka N, Neubauer J, Reindl J: Effect of chemotherapeutic drugs and cytochalasin B on tunneling nanotubes in U87 MG cells. BMC Cancer. 2025;25(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-15204-7"},{"issue":"22","key":"2980_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210077","volume":"478","author":"S Dagar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dagar S, Pathak D, Oza HV, Mylavarapu SVS. Tunneling nanotubes and related structures: molecular mechanisms of formation and function. Biochem J. 2021;478(22):3977\u201398.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2980_CR143","volume":"43","author":"T Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng T, Xu Q, Wang S, Hou D, Wu X. Interplay between tunneling nanotubes and Wnt signaling: insights into cytoskeletal regulation and therapeutic potential. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025;43:102065.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"2980_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottonelli I, Caraffi R, Tosi G, Vandelli MA, Duskey JT, Ruozi B: Tunneling Nanotubes: A New Target for Nanomedicine? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042237"},{"issue":"1","key":"2980_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200710","volume":"478","author":"G Pinto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinto G, Saenz-de-Santa-Maria I, Chastagner P, Perthame E, Delmas C, Toulas C, et al. Patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells transfer mitochondria through tunneling nanotubes in tumor organoids. Biochem J. 2021;478(1):21\u201339.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2980_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1083175","volume":"11","author":"C Goldrick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goldrick C, Guri I, Herrera-Oropeza G, O\u2019Brien-Gore C, Roy E, Wojtynska M, et al. 3D multicellular systems in disease modelling: from organoids to organ-on-chip. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1083175.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2980_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00415A","volume":"4","author":"L Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang L, Zhang J, Wu Z, Zhou L, Yu B, Jing Y, et al. Revealing the structure and organization of intercellular tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) by STORM imaging. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;4(20):4258\u201362.","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"}],"container-title":["Cell Communication and Signaling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12964-026-02980-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12964-026-02980-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12964-026-02980-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:02:42Z","timestamp":1787029362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12964-026-02980-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-026-02980-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-811X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-811X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This is a review article and does not contain any original studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"445"}}