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This study aims to determine: 1) the trajectory in daily step counts before, during and after the lockdown in China, and 2) the characteristics associated with the trajectories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From December 2019 to July 2020, smartphone-based step counts were continuously collected in 815 Chinese adults residing in Shanghai over 202\u2009days across three phases: before, during, and after the lockdown. Participant characteristics were reported, and height, weight and body composition measured before the lockdown. A \u2018sharp\u2019 regression discontinuity design with cluster robust standard errors was used to test the effect of the lockdown and reopening on daily steps and a linear mixed model was used to examine the characteristics associated with trajectories during the observed period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on 164,630 person-days of data, we found a sharp decline in daily step counts upon the lockdown (24\/01\/2020) by an average of 3796 (SE\u2009=\u200988) steps, followed by a significant trend of increase by 34 steps\/day (SE\u2009=\u20092.5;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) until the end of the lockdown (22\/03\/2020). This increasing trend continued into the reopening phase at a slower rate of 5 steps per day (SE\u2009=\u20092.3;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029). Those who were older, married, university educated, insufficiently active, had an \u2018at risk\u2019 body composition, and those in the control group, were slower at recovering step counts during the lockdown, and those who were older, married, without university education and with an \u2018at risk\u2019 body composition recovered step counts at a slower pace after the reopening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite later increases in step counts, COVID-19 lockdown led to a sustained period of reduced physical activity, which may have adverse health implications. Governments and health professionals around the world should continue to encourage and facilitate physical activity during the pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01106-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T18:03:00Z","timestamp":1616004180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["How COVID-19 lockdown and reopening affected daily steps: evidence based on 164,630 person-days of prospectively collected data from Shanghai, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ding","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"del Pozo Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9211-4061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingnan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1106_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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