{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:30:37Z","timestamp":1790195437749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tracking combinations of lifestyle behaviours during childhood (\u201clifestyle pattern trajectories\u201d) can identify subgroups of children that might benefit from lifestyle interventions aiming to improve health outcomes later in life. However, studies on the critical transition period from early to middle childhood are limited. We aimed to describe lifestyle patterns trajectories in children from 2 to 8 years of age and evaluated their associations with cardiometabolic risk markers at age 8 years in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twelve lifestyle behaviours related to child\u2019s diet, physical activity, screen use, and sleep were ascertained using questionnaires at ages 2, 5, and 8 years. Age-specific lifestyle patterns were derived using principal component analysis and trajectories were determined using group-based multi-trajectory modelling. Child cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed at age 8 years, and associations with trajectories examined using multiple regression, adjusted for confounders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 546 children, two lifestyle patterns \u201chealthy\u201d and \u201cunhealthy\u201d were observed at ages 2, 5, and 8 years separately. Three trajectory groups from 2 to 8 years were identified: consistently healthy (11%), consistently unhealthy (18%), and mixed pattern (71%). Children in the consistently unhealthy group (vs. mixed pattern) had increased odds of pre-hypertension (OR\u2009=\u20092.96 [95% CI 1.18\u20137.41]) and higher levels of diastolic blood pressure (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.91 [0.27\u20133.55] mmHg), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.43 [0.13\u20130.74]), triglycerides (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.11 [0.00-0.22] mmol\/L), and metabolic syndrome score (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.85 [0.20\u20131.49]), but not with BMI z-score or any anthropometric measurements. The consistently healthy group showed no differences in cardiometabolic outcomes compared to the mixed pattern group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three distinct lifestyle pattern trajectories were identified from early to middle childhood. Children in the consistently unhealthy lifestyle group did not have a raised BMI but was associated with several elevated cardiometabolic risk markers. These findings suggest the potential benefits of initiating holistic lifestyle interventions to improve children\u2019s health and well-being from an early age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Trial registration number: NCT01174875. Name of registry: ClinicalTrials.gov. URL of registry: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01174875\">https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01174875<\/jats:ext-link>. Date of registration: August 4, 2010. Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: June 2009.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-024-01564-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T10:02:24Z","timestamp":1706263344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Trajectories of lifestyle patterns from 2 to 8 years of age and cardiometabolic risk in children: the GUSTO study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1694-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airu","family":"Chia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Ying","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmapriya","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Ying","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Descarpentrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Lioret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Y","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"M\u00fcller-Riemenschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan G","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F-F","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00374-6","volume":"6","author":"JJ Noubiap","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noubiap JJ, Nansseu JR, Lontchi-Yimagou E, Nkeck JR, Nyaga UF, Ngouo AT, et al. 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They were not involved in the journal\u2019s peer review process of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}