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The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a widely used measure of eight parent-reported appetitive traits associated with childhood obesity. We aimed to explore the utility of the CEBQ for phenotyping childhood obesity and derive cut-off scores to support clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This individual participant data meta-analysis combined cross-sectional data from 17 international studies (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915,273) on CEBQ scores and Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Scores from children (2\u201318 years). The potential of CEBQ subscales (Food Responsiveness, Enjoyment of Food, Emotional Over-eating, Desire to Drink, Satiety Responsiveness, Slowness in Eating, Emotional Under-eating, Food Fussiness) to discriminate weight status was explored in random-effect meta-analyses of Area Under the Curve (AUC) metrics. We explored heterogeneity across studies and age- and sex- specific subgroups. Cut-off scores were derived within subgroups using (a) the Youden\u2019s Index and (b) the point maximising specificity after a minimum sensitivity of 60%. We meta-analysed study-specific performance with the selected cut-offs to describe heterogeneity across studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AUCs for CEBQ subscales ranged from 0.60 to 0.71. The magnitude and shape of associations between CEBQ scores and obesity varied by age and sex. Cut-off performance was generally better in middle- than early childhood. The best performing cut-off score of 2.6 was observed for females aged 7\u201312 years for Food Responsiveness (Sensitivity: 0.81 [95%CI 0.77, 0.85]; Specificity: 0.85 [95%CI 0.82, 0.88]). High heterogeneity in cut-off performance across studies and wide prediction intervals suggest the need to further investigate external validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide the first empirically derived CEBQ subscale cut-offs to phenotype children with obesity based on weight-related eating behaviours. Cut-offs could support personalised treatment in clinical and research contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MC_UU_00006\/6 and MC_UU_00006\/5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-026-01951-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:35:36Z","timestamp":1784954136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying eating behaviour phenotype cut-off scores for childhood obesity: an individual participant data meta-analysis using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Kudlek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara F.","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Pennells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Kininmonth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silje","family":"Steinsbekk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline W.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Ahern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine K.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arend W.","family":"van Deutekom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Orlet","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Haycraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Hardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia P.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Emond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aino-Maija","family":"Eloranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlise R.","family":"dos Passos Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie C.","family":"Lumeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Fildes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Llewellyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1951_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. 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No additional ethical approval was obtained for this secondary analysis of original study data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ALA is a member of the scientific advisory board for Weight Watchers and has undertaken consultancy for Menwell Health and Juniper (all payments to her institution). CAH reports research funding for work unrelated to the submitted manuscript from the American Beverage Association; membership of Global Nutrition Advisory Council for Mars; primary supervisor of PhD studentship funded by Coca-Cola; membership of UK Government\u2019s Food Standards Agency\u2019s Advisory Committee on Social Sciences; honoraria from International Sweeteners Association and International Food Information Council for invited talks. CL held funding from the UKRI Medical Research Council Grant to support an intervention based on child eating behaviour, involving eating behaviour phenotyping. All other authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"98"}}