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Locoregional immune therapy using both interferons and monocytes can be used as a novel approach. Interferons have both cytostatic and cytotoxic properties, while monocytes stimulated with interferons have potent cytotoxic properties. Due to the highly immune suppressive properties of ovarian cancer, ex vivo stimulation of autologous patient monocytes with interferons and infusion of all three agents intraperitoneally (IP) can provide a strong pro-inflammatory environment at the site of disease to kill malignant cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patient monocytes are isolated through counterflow elutriation and stimulated ex vivo with interferons and infused IP through a semi-permanent catheter. We have designed a standard 3\u2009+\u20093 dose escalation study to explore the highest tolerated dose of interferons and monocytes infused IP in patients with chemotherapy resistant ovarian cancer. Secondary outcome measurements of changes in the peripheral blood immune compartment and plasma cytokines will be studied for correlations of response.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We have developed a novel immunotherapy focused on the innate immune system for the treatment of ovarian cancer. We have combined the use of autologous monocytes and interferons alpha and gamma for local\u2013regional administration directly into the peritoneal cavity. This therapy is highly unique in that it is the first study of its type using only components of the innate immune system for the locoregional delivery consisting of autologous monocytes and dual interferons alpha and gamma.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial Registration<\/jats:italic> ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02948426, registered on October 28, 2016. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02948426\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02948426<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1569-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T11:40:31Z","timestamp":1531741231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Phase 1 trial of autologous monocytes stimulated ex vivo with Sylatron\u00ae (Peginterferon alfa-2b) and Actimmune\u00ae (Interferon gamma-1b) for intra-peritoneal administration in recurrent ovarian cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02948426","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana T.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"David-Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene B.","family":"Ekwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole D.","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Highfill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanh","family":"Khuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Stroncek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth M.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn C.","family":"Zoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2033-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Annunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"1569_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi24","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt333","volume":"24","author":"JA Ledermann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ledermann JA, Raja FA, Fotopoulou C, Gonzalez-Martin A, Colombo N, Sessa C, Group EGW. 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