{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:08:51Z","timestamp":1790712531343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1761842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1761842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007263","name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Virginia Tech\u2019s Open Access Subvention Fund."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Virginia Tech\u2019s Open Access Subvention Fund."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1992-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T09:42:11Z","timestamp":1565170931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A methodology for deriving the sensitivity of pooled testing, based on viral load progression and pooling dilution"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8753-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hrayer","family":"Aprahamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru K.","family":"Bish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Bish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1992_CR1","unstructured":"American Red Cross. Blood testing. \n                    http:\/\/www.redcrossblood.org\/learn-about-blood\/what-happens-donated-blood\/blood-testing\n                    \n                  . Accessed 27 May 2017."},{"issue":"28","key":"1992_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7066","volume":"35","author":"H Aprahamian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aprahamian H, Bish DR, Bish EK. Residual risk and waste in donated blood with pooled nucleic acid testing. Stat Med. 2016;35(28):5283\u2013301.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/24725854.2018.1434333","volume":"50","author":"H Aprahamian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aprahamian H, Bish EK, Bish DR. Adaptive risk-based pooling in public health screening. IISE Trans. 2018;50(9):753\u201366.","journal-title":"IISE Trans"},{"issue":"4","key":"1992_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu017","volume":"15","author":"EK Bish","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bish EK, Ragavan PK, Bish DR, Slonim AD, Stramer SL. A probabilistic method for the estimation of residual risk in donated blood. Biostatistics. 2014;15(4):620\u201335.","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1992_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00424.x","volume":"43","author":"R Biswas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Biswas R, Tabor E, Hsia CC, Wright DJ, Laycock ME, Fiebig EW, Peddada L, Smith R, Schreiber GB, Epstein JS, Nemo GJ, Busch MP. Comparative sensitivity of HBV NATs and HBsAg assays for detection of acute HBV infection. Transfusion. 2003;43(6):788\u201398.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"1992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2000.78402541.x","volume":"78","author":"MP Busch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Busch MP. HIV, HBV and HCV: new developments related to transfusion safety. Vox Sang. 2000;78:253\u20136.","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"1992_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV testing. \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/testing\/index.html\n                    \n                  . Accessed 20 Nov 2018."},{"key":"1992_CR8","unstructured":"Consumers Union. Outrageous health costs: blood test. \n                    http:\/\/consumersunion.org\/outrageous-health-costs\/blood-test\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 14 Dec 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"1992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731363","volume":"14","author":"R Dorfman","year":"1943","unstructured":"Dorfman R. The detection of defective members of large populations. Ann Math Stat. 1943;14(4):436\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"issue":"13","key":"1992_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00005","volume":"17","author":"EW Fiebig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, Garrett PE, Schumacher RT, Peddada L, Heldebrant C, Smith R, Conrad A, Kleinman SH, Busch MP. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003;17(13):1871\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1992_CR11","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Procleix ultrio assay. \n                    https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/ucm\/groups\/fdagov-public\/@fdagov-bio-gen\/documents\/document\/ucm335285.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 19 Nov 2018."},{"issue":"6","key":"1992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.04390.x","volume":"45","author":"SA Glynn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glynn SA, Wright DJ, Kleinman SH, Hirschkorn D, Tu Y, Heldebrant C, Smith R, Giachetti C, Gallarda J, Busch MP. Dynamics of viremia in early hepatitis C virus infection. Transfusion. 2005;45(6):994\u20131002.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"1992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/87.2.315","volume":"87","author":"JM Hughes-Oliver","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hughes-Oliver JM, Rosenberger WF. Efficient estimation of the prevalence of multiple rare traits. Biometrika. 2000;87(2):315\u201327.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"427","key":"1992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1994.10476832","volume":"89","author":"JM Hughes-Oliver","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hughes-Oliver JM, Swallow WH. A two-stage adaptive group-testing procedure for estimating small proportions. J Am Stat Assoc. 1994;89(427):982\u201393.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00106-12","volume":"50","author":"MY Karris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karris MY, Anderson CM, Morris SR, Smith DM, Little SJ. Cost savings associated with testing of antibodies, antigens, and nucleic acids for diagnosis of acute HIV infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1874\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"426","key":"1992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1994.10476764","volume":"89","author":"E Litvak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Litvak E, Tu XM, Pagano M. Screening for the presence of a disease by pooling sera samples. J Am Stat Assoc. 1994;89(426):424\u201334.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asr064","volume":"99","author":"A Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu A, Liu C, Zhang Z, Albert PS. Optimality of group testing in the presence of misclassification. Biometrika. 2012;99(1):245\u201351.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"15","key":"1992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7657","volume":"37","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen NT, Bish EK, Aprahamian H. Sequential prevalence estimation with pooling and continuous test outcomes. Stat Med. 2018;37(15):2391\u2013426.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1992_CR19","unstructured":"Nguyen NT, Bish EK, Bish DR. Optimal pooled testing design for prevalence estimation. Working paper. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech; 2018."},{"issue":"13","key":"1992_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281532c82","volume":"21","author":"CD Pilcher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pilcher CD, Joaki G, Hoffman IF, Martinson FEA, Mapanje C, Stewart PW, Powers KA, Galvin S, Chilongozi D, Gama S, Price MA, Fiscus AF, Cohen MS. Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection. AIDS. 2007;21(13):1723.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"1992_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12106","volume":"9","author":"V Shyamala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shyamala V. Nucleic acid technology (NAT) testing for blood screening: impact of individual donation and mini pool-NAT testing on analytical sensitivity, screening sensitivity and clinical sensitivity. ISBT Sci Ser. 2014;9(2):315\u201324.","journal-title":"ISBT Sci Ser"},{"issue":"10","key":"1992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12178","volume":"53","author":"SL Stramer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stramer SL, Krysztof DE, Brodsky JP, Fickett TA, Reynolds B, Dodd RY, Kleinman SH. Comparative analysis of triplex nucleic acid test assays in United States blood donors. Transfusion. 2013;53(10):2525\u201337.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"4","key":"1992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2307\/2527902","volume":"18","author":"KH Thompson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Thompson KH. Estimation of the proportion of vectors in a natural population of insects. Biometrics. 1962;18(4):568\u201378.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1992_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.2.287","volume":"82","author":"XM Tu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tu XM, Litvak E, Pagano M. On the informativeness and accuracy of pooled testing in estimating prevalence of a rare disease: application to HIV screening. Biometrika. 1995;82(2):287\u201397.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"1992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.01126.x","volume":"56","author":"S Vansteelandt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vansteelandt S, Goetghebeur E, Verstraeten T. Regression models for disease prevalence with diagnostic tests on pools of serum samples. Biometrics. 2000;56(4):1126\u201333.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1992_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.44.4.543","volume":"44","author":"LM Wein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wein LM, Zenios SA. Pooled testing for HIV screening: capturing the dilution effect. Oper Res. 1996;44(4):543\u201369.","journal-title":"Oper Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1992_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00099.x","volume":"42","author":"J Weusten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weusten J, Van Drimmelen H, Lelie N. Mathematic modeling of the risk of HBV, HCV, and HIV transmission by window-phase donations not detected by NAT. Transfusion. 2002;42(5):537\u201348.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"1992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02804.x","volume":"51","author":"J Weusten","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weusten J, Vermeulen M, van Drimmelen H, Lelie N. Refinement of a viral transmission risk model for blood donations in seroconversion window phase screened by nucleic acid testing in different pool sizes and repeat test algorithms. Transfusion. 2011;51(1):203\u201315.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"1992_CR29","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV\/AIDS prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa data by sex and residence. \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.247?lang=en\n                    \n                  . Accessed 14 Dec 2018."},{"issue":"13","key":"1992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980715)17:13<1447::AID-SIM862>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"17","author":"SA Zenios","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zenios SA, Wein LM. Pooled testing for HIV prevalence estimation: exploiting the dilution effect. Stat Med. 1998;17(13):1447\u201367.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"1992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6268","volume":"33","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Liu C, Kim S, Liu A. Prevalence estimation subject to misclassification: the mis-substitution bias and some remedies. Stat Med. 2014;33(25):4482\u2013500.","journal-title":"Stat Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-019-1992-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-019-1992-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-019-1992-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T23:06:26Z","timestamp":1596582386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12967-019-1992-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-019-1992-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"252"}}