{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:44:55Z","timestamp":1774464295542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 1918 an unknown infectious agent spread around the world infecting over one-third of the general population and killing almost 50 million people. Many countries were at war, the First World War. Since Spain was a neutral country and Spanish press could report about the infection without censorship, this condition is commonly remembered as \u201cSpanish influenza\u201d. This review examines several aspects during the 1918 influenza pandemic to bring out evidences which might be useful to imagine the possible magnitude of the present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the first part of this review we will examine the origin of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 and 1918 Spanish Influenza Virus and the role played by host and environment in its diffusion. We will also include in our analysis an evaluation of different approaches utilized to restrain the spread of pandemic and to treat infected patients. In the second part, we will try to imagine the magnitude of the present COVID-19 pandemic and the possible measures able to restrain in the present environment its spread.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Several factors characterize the outcome in a viral pandemic infection. They include the complete knowledge of the virus, the complete knowledge of the host and of the environment where the host lives and the pandemic develops.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>By comparing the situation seen in 1918 with the current one, we are now in a more favourable position. The experience of the past teaches us that their success is linked to a rapid, constant and lasting application. Then, rather than coercion, awareness of the need to observe such prevention measures works better.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02673-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T10:02:58Z","timestamp":1608631378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["May the analysis of 1918 influenza pandemic give hints to imagine the possible magnitude of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5808-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Caso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saverio","family":"Passavanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Trojaniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Del Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo A.","family":"Ascierto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00343","volume":"8","author":"KR Short","year":"2018","unstructured":"Short KR, Kedzierska K, van de Sandt CE. Back to the future: lessons learned from the 1918 influenza pandemic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:343.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"2673_CR2","volume-title":"Influenza: a survey of the last fifty years","author":"FM Burnet","year":"1942","unstructured":"Burnet FM, Clark E. Influenza: a survey of the last fifty years. Melbourne: Macmillan Co.; 1942."},{"key":"2673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-2-3","volume":"2","author":"JM Barry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barry JM. The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications. J Transl Med. 2004;2:3.","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"2673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5307.1793","volume":"275","author":"JK Taubenberger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Krafft A, Bijwaard KE, Fanning TG. Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus. Science. 1997;275:1793\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2673_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04230","volume":"437","author":"JK Taubenberger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Lourens RM, Wang R, Jin G, Fanning TG. Characterization of the 1918 influenza polymerase genes. Nature. 2005;437:889\u201393.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11533","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11533-11536.2005","volume":"79","author":"L Glaser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glaser L, Stevens J, Zamarin D, Wilson IA, Garc\u00eda-Sastre A, Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Taubenberger JK, Palese P. A single amino acid substitution in 1918 influenza virus hemagglutinin changes receptor binding specificity. J Virol. 2005;79:11533\u20136.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2673_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.11.002","volume":"355","author":"J Stevens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stevens J, Blixt O, Glaser L, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. Glycan microarray analysis of the hemagglutinins from modern and pandemic influenza viruses reveals different receptor specificities. J Mol Biol. 2006;355:1143\u201355.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2673_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith W, Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP. A virus obtained from influenza patients. Lancet. 1933;222:66\u201368.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)78541-2"},{"key":"2673_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1651","volume":"96","author":"AH Reid","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reid AH, Fanning TG, Hultin JV, Taubenberger JK. Origin and evolution of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus hemagglutinin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:1651\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2673_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11709","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904991106","volume":"106","author":"GJ Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith GJ, Bahl J, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang J, Poon LL, Chen H, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y. Dating the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:11709\u201312.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2673_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1086\/322662","volume":"33","author":"J Luk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Luk J, Gross P, Thompson WW. Observations on mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1375\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2673_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1530","volume":"8","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Oldstone MB, Palese P. Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:1188\u201393.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2673_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00109-7","volume":"15","author":"DM Morens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. A forgotten epidemic that changed medicine: measles in the US Army, 1917-18. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:852\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"2673_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/001946468602300102","volume":"23","author":"ID Mills","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mills ID. The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic\u2013the Indian experience. Indian Econ Soc Hist Rev. 1986;23:1\u201340.","journal-title":"Indian Econ Soc Hist Rev."},{"key":"2673_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.208","volume":"36","author":"PA Sheridan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheridan PA, Paich HA, Handy J, Karlsson EA, Hudgens MG, Sammon AB, Holland LA, Weir S, Noah TL, Beck MA. Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to influenza vaccination in humans. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36:1072\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)."},{"key":"2673_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04619-w","volume":"38","author":"F Caso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caso F, Postiglione L, Covelli B, Ricciardone M, Di Spigna G, Formisano P, D\u2019Esposito V, Girolimetto N, Tasso M, Peluso R, Navarini L, Ciccozzi M, Margiotta DPE, Oliviero F, Afeltra A, Punzi L, Del Puente A, Scarpa R, Costa L. Pro-inflammatory adipokine profile in psoriatic arthritis: results from a cross- sectional study comparing PsA subset with evident cutaneous involvement and subset \u201csine psoriasis\u201d. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38:2547\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2673_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511586576","volume-title":"America\u2019s Forgotten Pandemic: the Influenza of 1918","author":"AW Crosby","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crosby AW. America\u2019s Forgotten Pandemic: the Influenza of 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511586576."},{"key":"2673_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000866","volume":"141","author":"GD Shanks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shanks GD, Brundage JF. Pacific islands which escaped the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic and their subsequent mortality experiences. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:353\u20136.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2673_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7588","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611071104","volume":"104","author":"MC Bootsma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM. The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in US cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:7588\u201393.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2673_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610941104","volume":"104","author":"RJ Hatchett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M. Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:7582\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2673_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490612100208","volume":"121","author":"WH Frost","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frost WH. The epidemiology of influenza. Public Health Rep. 2006;121:149\u201359.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2673_CR22","first-page":"104","volume":"30","author":"SB Wolbach","year":"1919","unstructured":"Wolbach SB. Comments on the pathology and bacteriology of fatal influenza cases, as observed at Camp Devens, Mass. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1919;30:104\u20139.","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin."},{"key":"2673_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0343-9","volume":"6","author":"A Shimabukuro-Vornhagen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, G\u00f6del P, Subklewe M, Stemmler HJ, Schl\u00f6\u00dfer HA, Schlaak M, Kochanek M, B\u00f6ll B, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS. Cytokine release syndrome. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6:56.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer."},{"key":"2673_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2003.03011","volume":"30","author":"DG Ahn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim BT, Kim SJ. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;30:313\u201324.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2673_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","volume":"395","author":"R Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395:565\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2673_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30114-6","volume":"20","author":"X Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan X, Chen D, Xia Y, Wu X, Li T, Ou X, Zhou L, Liu J. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:410\u20131.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"2673_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4. Accessed 17 Jul 2020.","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.17.20200121"},{"key":"2673_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118391","volume":"310","author":"W Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT, Zhang S, Wang LF. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310:676\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2673_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11297","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01498-14","volume":"88","author":"VM Corman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Corman VM, Ithete NL, Richards LR, Schoeman MC, Preiser W, Drosten C, Drexler JF. Rooting the phylogenetic tree of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an African bat. J Virol. 2014;88:11297\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"323","key":"2673_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2565","volume":"21","author":"Y Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, Wang M. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;21(323):1406\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","volume":"382","author":"C Rothe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, Zimmer T, Thiel V, Janke C, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Drosten C, Vollmar P, Zwirglmaier K, Zange S, W\u00f6lfel R, Hoelscher M. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:970\u20131.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2673_CR32","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf. Accessed 17 Jul 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR33","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/sars\/country\/table\/en\/. Accessed 17 Jul 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR34","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/mers-cov\/en\/. Accessed 17 Jul 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.11.1717","volume":"31","author":"ES Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim ES, Choe PG, Park WB, Oh HS, Kim EJ, Nam EY, Na SH, Kim M, Song KH, Bang JH, Park SW, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Oh MD. Clinical progression and cytokine profiles of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31:1717\u201325.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2673_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9071(200103)63:3<242::AID-JMV1007>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"63","author":"KF To","year":"2001","unstructured":"To KF, Chan PK, Chan KF, Lee WK, Lam WY, Wong KF, Tang NL, Tsang DN, Sung RY, Buckley TA, Tam JS, Cheng AF. Pathology of fatal human infection associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. J Med Virol. 2001;63:242\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2673_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","volume":"368","author":"JB Moore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore JB, June CH. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science. 2020;368:473\u20134.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2673_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","volume":"8","author":"X Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, Wu Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Fang M, Yu T, Wang Y, Pan S, Zou X, Yuan S, Shang Y. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:475\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"2673_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.026","volume":"50","author":"S Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang S, Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic. Immunity. 2019;50:1007\u201323.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2673_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0020","volume":"8","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm. Immunotherapy. 2016;8:959\u201370.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy."},{"key":"2673_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00119","volume":"10","author":"CB Crayne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crayne CB, Albeituni S, Nichols KE, Cron RQ. The immunology of macrophage activation syndrome. Front Immunol. 2019;10:119.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2673_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2673_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Xie Guo L. Clinical features of patients infected with, 2019, novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2673_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","volume":"18","author":"N Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:844\u20137.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2673_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102524","volume":"19","author":"F Caso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caso F, Costa L, Ruscitti P, Navarini L, Del Puente A, Giacomelli R, Scarpa R. Could Sars-coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and\/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects? Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102524.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2673_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","volume":"19","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGonagle D, Sharif K, O\u2019Regan A, Bridgewood C. The role of cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102537.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2673_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673614","volume":"118","author":"Y Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng Y, Yu M, Zhu F, Zhang S, Ding P, Wang M. IL-9 promotes the development of deep venous thrombosis by facilitating platelet function. Thromb Haemost. 2018;118:1885\u201394.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2673_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104791","volume":"156","author":"GM Casillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casillo GM, Mansour AA, Raucci F, Saviano A, Mascolo N, Iqbal AJ, Maione F. Could IL-17 represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment and\/or management of COVID-19-related respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol Res. 2020;156:104791.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2673_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.148031","volume":"70","author":"W Marder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marder W, Khalatbari S, Myles JD, Hench R, Yalavarthi S, Lustig S, Brook R, Kaplan MJ. Interleukin 17 as a novel predictor of vascular function in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1550\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2673_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.04.080","volume":"408","author":"F Maione","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maione F, Cicala C, Liverani E, Mascolo N, Perretti M, D\u2019Acquisto F. IL-17A increases ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;408:658\u201362.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2673_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247503","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/247503","volume":"2014","author":"F Maione","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maione F, Parisi A, Caiazzo E, Morello S, D\u2019Acquisto F, Mascolo N, Cicala C. Interleukin-17A exacerbates ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis in rat carotid artery. Int J Inflam. 2014;2014:247503.","journal-title":"Int J Inflam."},{"key":"2673_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040641","volume":"7","author":"S Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang S, Yuan J, Yu M, Fan H, Guo ZQ, Yang R, Guo HP, Liao YH, Wang M. IL-17A facilitates platelet function through the ERK2 signaling pathway in patients with acute coronary syndrome. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e40641.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2673_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.02.006","volume":"57","author":"P Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding P, Zhang S, Yu M, Feng Y, Long Q, Yang H, Li J, Wang M. IL-17A promotes the formation of deep vein thrombosis in a mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;57:132\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2673_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102572","volume":"19","author":"F Raucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raucci F, Mansour AA, Casillo GM, Saviano A, Caso F, Scarpa R, Mascolo N, Iqbal AJ, Maione F. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a key molecule of innate and adaptive immunity, and its potential involvement in COVID-19-related thrombotic and vascular mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102572.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2673_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201900841","volume":"14","author":"E De Clercq","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Clercq E. New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections. Chem Asian J. 2019;14:3962\u20138.","journal-title":"Chem Asian J"},{"key":"2673_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","volume":"30","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30:269\u201371.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"2673_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13265-5","volume":"361","author":"LK So","year":"2003","unstructured":"So LK, Lau AC, Yam LY, Cheung TM, Poon E, Yung RW, Yuen KY. Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:1615\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2673_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.12.003","volume":"20","author":"JA Al-Tawfiq","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Tawfiq JA, Momattin H, Dib J, Memish ZA. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;20:42\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2673_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.37","volume":"15","author":"A Zumla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15:327\u201347.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2673_CR60","unstructured":"Choy M. Pharmaceutical Approval Update. P T. 2016;41:416-41."},{"key":"2673_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","volume":"9","author":"TP Sheahan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, Leist SR, Pyrc K, Feng JY, Trantcheva I, Bannister R, Park Y, Babusis D, Clarke MO, Mackman RL, Spahn JE, Palmiotti CA, Siegel D, Ray AS, Cihlar T, Jordan R, Denison MR, Baric RS. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:3653.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"2673_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","volume":"381","author":"S Mulangu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, TshianiMbaya O, Proschan M, Mukadi D, LusakibanzaManzo M, Nzolo D, TshombaOloma A, Ibanda A, Ali R, Coulibaly S, Levine AC, Grais R, Diaz J, Lane HC, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Sivahera B, Camara M, Kojan R, Walker R, Dighero-Kemp B, Cao H, Mukumbayi P, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Ahuka S, Albert S, Bonnett T, Crozier I, Duvenhage M, Proffitt C, Teitelbaum M, Moench T, Aboulhab J, Barrett K, Cahill K, Cone K, Eckes R, Hensley L, Herpin B, Higgs E, Ledgerwood J, Pierson J, Smolskis M, Sow Y, Tierney J, Sivapalasingam S, Holman W, Gettinger N, Vall\u00e9e D, Nordwall J. A randomized, controlled trial of ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2293\u2013303.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2673_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9","volume":"395","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, Fu S, Gao L, Cheng Z, Lu Q, Hu Y, Luo G, Wang K, Lu Y, Li H, Wang S, Ruan S, Yang C, Mei C, Wang Y, Ding D, Wu F, Tang X, Ye X, Ye Y, Liu B, Yang J, Yin W, Wang A, Fan G, Zhou F, Liu Z, Gu X, Xu J, Shang L, Zhang Y, Cao L, Guo T, Wan Y, Qin H, Jiang Y, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Cao B, Wang C. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1569\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2673_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","volume":"59","author":"CM Chu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, Kao RY, Poon LL, Wong CL, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Yuen KY. Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59:252\u20136.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2673_CR65","first-page":"399","volume":"9","author":"KS Chan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chan KS, Lai ST, Chu CM, Tsui E, Tam CY, Wong MM, Tse MW, Que TL, Peiris JS, Sung J, Wong VC, Yuen KY. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir\/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study. Hong Kong Med J. 2003;9:399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J."},{"key":"2673_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.011","volume":"77","author":"M Kono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kono M, Tatsumi K, Imai AM, Saito K, Kuriyama T, Shirasawa H. Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK. Antiviral Res. 2008;77:150\u20132.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2673_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","volume":"22","author":"MJ Vincent","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Seidah NG, Nichol ST. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J. 2005;22(2):69.","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"2673_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.085","volume":"323","author":"E Keyaerts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Maes P, Neyts J, Van Ranst M. In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;323:264\u20138.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2673_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5","volume":"3","author":"A Savarino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today\u2019s diseases? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2003;3:722\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2673_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.136","volume":"83","author":"M Vastarella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vastarella M, Patr\u00ec A, Annunziata MC, Cantelli M, Nappa P, Tasso M, Costa L, Caso F, Fabbrocini G. Can hydroxychloroquine be useful in the prevention of COVID-19? An Italian survey in dermatologic and rheumatologic patients already under treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:e77\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2673_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.099","volume":"97","author":"S Arshad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arshad S, Kilgore P, Chaudhry ZS, Jacobsen G, Wang DD, Huitsing K, Brar I, Alangaden GJ, Ramesh MS, McKinnon JE, O\u2019Neill W, Zervos M. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:396\u2013403.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2673_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010","volume":"15","author":"S Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao SY. Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients With Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15:700\u20134.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol."},{"key":"2673_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","volume":"8","author":"Z Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, Tai Y, Bai C, Gao T, Song J, Xia P, Dong J, Zhao J, Wang FS. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:420\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"2673_CR74","unstructured":"Luo W, Yu H, Gou J, Li X, Sun Y, Li J, Liu L. Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Preprints 2020, 2020020407."},{"key":"2673_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2","volume":"395","author":"CD Russell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395:473\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2673_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Almekhlafi GA, Hussein MA, Jose J, Pinto R, Al-Omari A, Kharaba A, Almotairi A, Al Khatib K, Alraddadi B, Shalhoub S, Abdulmomen A, Qushmaq I, Mady A, Solaiman O, Al-Aithan AM, Al-Raddadi R, Ragab A, Balkhy HH, Al Harthy A, Deeb AM, Al Mutairi H, Al-Dawood A, Merson L, Hayden FG, Fowler RA; Saudi Critical Care Trial Group. Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197:757-767.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1172OC"},{"key":"2673_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1086\/424016","volume":"39","author":"DT Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee DT, Wing YK, Leung HC, Sung JJ, Ng YK, Yiu GC, Chen RY, Chiu HF. Factors associated with psychosis among patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1247\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2673_CR78","first-page":"179","volume":"43","author":"JZ Xiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao JZ, Ma L, Gao J, Yang ZJ, Xing XY, Zhao HC, Jiao JS, Li GW. Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes in severe acute respiratory syndrome: the impact of high dosage and duration of methylprednisolone therapy. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2004;43:179\u201382.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"2673_CR79","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.recoverytrial.net\/news\/low-cost-dexamethasone-reduces-death-by-up-to-one-third-in-hospitalised-patients-with-severe-respiratory-complications-of-covid-19. Accessed 17 Jul. 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, qi Y, Sun R, Tian Z, Xu X, Wei H. Pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients. Natl Sci Rev. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041"},{"key":"2673_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02339-3","volume":"18","author":"B Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu B, Xu X, Wei H. Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19? J Transl Med. 2020;18:164.","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"2673_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","volume":"382","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome KR, Nalla AK, Greninger AL, Pipavath S, Wurfel MM, Evans L, Kritek PA, West TE, Luks A, Gerbino A, Dale CR, Goldman JD, O\u2019Mahony S, Mikacenic C. Covid-19 in Critically Ill Patients in the Seattle Region - Case Series. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2012\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2673_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonaguro FM, Puzanov I, Ascierto PA. Anti-IL6R role in treatment of COVID-19-related ARDS. Version 2. J Transl Med. 2020;18:165.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02333-9"},{"key":"2673_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Cavalli G, De Luca G, Ripa M, Boffini N, Tomelleri A, Baldissera E, Rovere-Querini P, Ruggeri A, Monti G, De Cobelli F, Zangrillo A, Tresoldi M, Castagna A, Dagna L; TOCI-RAF Study Group. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 patients: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:43-49.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.05.021"},{"key":"2673_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.05.011","volume":"76","author":"V Morena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morena V, Milazzo L, Oreni L, Bestetti G, Fossali T, Bassoli C, Torre A, Cossu MV, Minari C, Ballone E, Perotti A, Mileto D, Niero F, Merli S, Foschi A, Vimercati S, Rizzardini G, Sollima S, Bradanini L, Galimberti L, Colombo R, Micheli V, Negri C, Ridolfo AL, Meroni L, Galli M, Antinori S, Corbellino M. Off-label use of tocilizumab for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Milan. Italy. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:36\u201342.","journal-title":"Italy. Eur J Intern Med."},{"key":"2673_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guaraldi G, Meschiari M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Milic J, Tonelli R, Menozzi M, Franceschini E, Cuomo G, Orlando G, Borghi V, Santoro A, Di Gaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Bedini A, Corradi L, Fantini R, Castaniere I, Tabb\u00ec L, Girardis M, Tedeschi S, Giannella M, Bartoletti M, Pascale R, Dolci G, Brugioni L, Pietrangelo A, Cossarizza A, Pea F, Clini E Salvarani, C, Massari M, Viale PL, Mussini C. Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2665-9913(20)30173-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(20)30173-9"},{"key":"2673_CR87","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.roche.com\/investors\/updates\/inv-update-2020-07-29.htm Access on 29 July 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR88","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov. Access on 10 August 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001089","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001089","volume":"8","author":"V Montesarchio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montesarchio V, Parella R, Iommelli C, et al. Outcomes and biomarker analyses among patients with COVID-19 treated with interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist sarilumab at a single institution in Italy. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer. 2020;8:e001089.","journal-title":"Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2673_CR90","first-page":"742","volume":"38","author":"T Conrozier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conrozier T, Lohse A, Balblanc JC, et al. Biomarker variation in patients successfully treated with tocilizumab for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): results of a multidisciplinary collaboration. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(4):742\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2673_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30127-2","volume":"2","author":"G Cavalli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavalli G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Ripa M, Canetti D, Oltolini C, Castiglioni B, Tassan Din C, Boffini N, Tomelleri A, Farina N, Ruggeri A, Rovere-Querini P, Di Lucca G, Martinenghi S, Scotti R, Tresoldi M, Ciceri F, Landoni G, Zangrillo A, Scarpellini P, Dagna L. Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2:e325\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2673_CR92","first-page":"30228","volume":"S0163\u20134453","author":"F Cantini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cantini F, Niccoli L, Matarrese D, Nicastri E, Stobbione P, Goletti D. Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: a pilot study on safety and clinical impact. J Infect. 2020;S0163\u20134453(20):30228.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2673_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2090","volume":"7","author":"L Du","year":"2009","unstructured":"Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV\u2013a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:226\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2673_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104742","volume":"176","author":"B Coutard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah NG, Decroly E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. 2020;176:104742.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2673_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","volume":"3","author":"F Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol. 2016;3:237\u201361.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol."},{"key":"2673_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3143","volume":"11","author":"RL Graham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Baric RS. A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:836\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2673_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.03.007","volume":"23","author":"NM Okba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okba NM, Raj VS, Haagmans BL. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches. Curr Opin Virol. 2017;23:49\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol."},{"key":"2673_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.01.042","volume":"334","author":"H Bisht","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bisht H, Roberts A, Vogel L, Subbarao K, Moss B. Neutralizing antibody and protective immunity to SARS coronavirus infection of mice induced by a soluble recombinant polypeptide containing an N-terminal segment of the spike glycoprotein. Virology. 2005;334:160\u20135.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2673_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0cc03263h","author":"X Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi X, Ke B, Feng Q, Yang D, Lian Q, Li Z, Lu L, Ke C, Liu Z, Liao G. Construction and immunogenic studies of a mFc fusion receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein as a subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d0cc03263h.","journal-title":"Chem Commun (Camb)"},{"key":"2673_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen WH, Tao X, Agrawal A, Algaissi A, Peng BH, Pollet J, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Lustigman S, Du L, Jiang S, Tseng CK. Yeast-Expressed SARS-CoV Recombinant Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD219-N1) Formulated with Alum Induces Protective Immunity and Reduces Immune Enhancement. Version 3. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2020:2020.05.15.098079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.15.098079.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.15.098079"},{"key":"2673_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104236","volume":"145","author":"P Kalita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalita P, Padhi AK, Zhang KYJ, Tripathi T. Design of a peptide-based subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Microb Pathog. 2020;145:104236.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"6982","key":"2673_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02463","volume":"428","author":"ZY Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang ZY, Kong WP, Huang Y, Roberts A, Murphy BR, Subbarao K, Nabel GJ. A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice. Nature. 2004;428(6982):561\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2673_CR103","unstructured":"http:\/\/ir.inovio.com\/news-releases\/news-releases-details\/2020\/Inovio-Accelerates-Timeline-for-COVID-19-DNA-Vaccine-INO-4800\/default.aspx. Accessed 17 Jul. 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR104","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.inovio.com\/dna-medicines-pipeline\/. Accessed 17 Jul. 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR105","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.inovio.com\/?s=dMAb+. Accessed 17 Jul. 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00594","volume":"10","author":"C Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang C, Maruggi G, Shan H, Li J. Advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:594.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2673_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","volume":"17","author":"N Pardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNAvaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2018;17:261\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"2673_CR108","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.modernatx.com\/pipeline. Accessed 17 Jul 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610330016006","volume":"73","author":"HF Stoll","year":"1919","unstructured":"Stoll HF. Value of convalescent blood and serum in treatment of influenza pneumonia. JAMA. 1919;73:478\u201383.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR110","first-page":"3437","volume":"72","author":"JJ O\u2019Malley","year":"1919","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley JJ, Hartman FW. Treatment of influenzal pneumonia with plasma of convalescent patients. JAMA. 1919;72:3437.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.26020500018006e","volume":"71","author":"CW Ross","year":"1918","unstructured":"Ross CW, Hund EJ. Transfusion on the desperate pneumonias complicating influenza -preliminary report on the successful use of total immune citrated blood. JAMA. 1918;71:1992\u20133.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.26020420013013e","volume":"71","author":"LW McGuire","year":"1918","unstructured":"McGuire LW, Redden WR. Treatment of influenzal pneumonia by the use of convalescent human serum\u2014preliminary report. JAMA. 1918;71:1311.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610100017007","volume":"72","author":"LW McGuire","year":"1919","unstructured":"McGuire LW, Redden WR. Treatment of influenzal pneumonia by the use of convalescent human serum. JAMA. 1919;72:709\u201313.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM192008051830609","volume":"183","author":"GP Sanborn","year":"1920","unstructured":"Sanborn GP. The use of the serum of convalescents in the treatment of influenza pneumonia: a summary of the results in a series of one hundred and one cases. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1920;183:171\u20137.","journal-title":"Boston Medical and Surgical Journal."},{"key":"2673_CR115","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber\/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma. Accessed 17 Jul 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07930","volume":"458","author":"JF Scheid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scheid JF, Mouquet H, Feldhahn N, Seaman MS, Velinzon K, Pietzsch J, Ott RG, Anthony RM, Zebroski H, Hurley A, Phogat A, Chakrabarti B, Li Y, Connors M, Pereyra F, Walker BD, Wardemann H, Ho D, Wyatt RT, Mascola JR, Ravetch JV, Nussenzweig MC. Broad diversity of neutralizing antibodies isolated from memory B cells in HIV-infected individuals. Nature. 2009;458:636\u201340.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2673_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5224","volume":"351","author":"D Corti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corti D, Misasi J, Mulangu S, Stanley DA, Kanekiyo M, Wollen S, Ploquin A, Doria-Rose NA, Staupe RP, Bailey M, Shi W, Choe M, Marcus H, Thompson EA, Cagigi A, Silacci C, Fernandez-Rodriguez B, Perez L, Sallusto F, Vanzetta F, Agatic G, Cameroni E, Kisalu N, Gordon I, Ledgerwood JE, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Muyembe-Tamfun JJ, Trefry JC, Lanzavecchia A, Sullivan NJ. Protective monotherapy against lethal Ebola virus infection by a potently neutralizing antibody. Science. 2016;351:1339\u201342.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2673_CR118","first-page":"e02002","volume":"92","author":"L Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang L, Shi W, Chappell JD, Joyce MG, Zhang Y, Kanekiyo M, Becker MM, van Doremalen N, Fischer R, Wang N, Corbett KS, Choe M, Mason RD, Van Galen JG, Zhou T, Saunders KO, Tatti KM, Haynes LM, Kwong PD, Modjarrad K, Kong WP, McLellan JS, Denison MR, Munster VJ, Mascola JR, Graham BS. Importance of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Multiple Antigenic Sites on the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein To Avoid Neutralization Escape. J Virol. 2018;92:e02002\u201317.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2673_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1624482","volume":"8","author":"J Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu J, Jia W, Wang P, Zhang S, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang L. Antibodies and vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8:841\u201356.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2673_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4268","volume":"23","author":"M Caskey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caskey M, Schoofs T, Gruell H, Settler A, Karagounis T, Kreider EF, Murrell B, Pfeifer N, Nogueira L, Oliveira TY, Learn GH, Cohen YZ, Lehmann C, Gillor D, Shimeliovich I, Unson-O\u2019Brien C, Weiland D, Robles A, K\u00fcmmerle T, Wyen C, Levin R, Witmer-Pack M, Eren K, Ignacio C, Kiss S, West AP Jr, Mouquet H, Zingman BS, Gulick RM, Keler T, Bjorkman PJ, Seaman MS, Hahn BH, F\u00e4tkenheuer G, Schlesinger SJ, Nussenzweig MC, Klein F. Antibody 10-1074 suppresses viremia in HIV-1-infected individuals. Nat Med. 2017;23:185\u201391.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2673_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","volume":"367","author":"D Wrapp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367:1260\u20133.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2673_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.06.003","volume":"23","author":"G Lu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lu G, Wang Q, Gao GF. Bat-to-human: spike features determining \u2018host jump\u2019 of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and beyond. Trends Microbiol. 2015;23:468\u201378.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"73\u201384","key":"2673_CR123","first-page":"e16","volume":"182","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao Y, Su B, Guo X, Sun W, Deng Y, Bao L, Zhu Q, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Geng C, Chai X, He R, Li X, Lv Q, Zhu H, Deng W, Xu Y, Wang Y, Qiao L, Tan Y, Song L, Wang G, Du X, Gao N, Liu J, Xiao J, Su XD, Du Z, Feng Y, Qin C, Qin C, Jin R, Xie XS. Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients\u2019 B Cells. Cell. 2020;182(73\u201384):e16.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2673_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc2241","volume":"368","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y, Wang F, Shen C, Peng W, Li D, Zhao C, Li Z, Li S, Bi Y, Yang Y, Gong Y, Xiao H, Fan Z, Tan S, Wu G, Tan W, Lu X, Fan C, Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang C, Qi J, Gao GF, Gao F, Liu L. A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2. Science. 2020;368:1274\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2673_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2381-y","author":"R Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi R, Shan C, Duan X, Chen Z, Liu P, Song J, Song T, Bi X, Han C, Wu L, Gao G, Hu X, Zhang Y, Tong Z, Huang W, Liu WJ, Wu G, Zhang B, Wang L, Qi J, Feng H, Wang FS, Wang Q, Gao GF, Yuan Z, Yan J. A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2381-y.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2673_CR126","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT04411628?term=nct04411628&draw=2&rank=1. Accessed 17 Jul 2020."},{"key":"2673_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen P, Nirula A, Heller B, Gottlieb RL, Boscia J, Morris J, Huhn G, Cardona J, Mocherla B, Stosor V, Shawa I, Adams AC, Van Naarden J, Custer KL, Shen L, Durante M, Oakley G, Schade AE, Sabo J, Patel DR, Klekotka P, Skovronsky DM; BLAZE-1 Investigators. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 28:NEJMoa2029849.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849"},{"key":"2673_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000436","volume":"8","author":"G Chowell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chowell G, Echevarr\u00eda-Zuno S, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Tamerius J, Miller MA, Borja-Aburto VH. Characterizing the epidemiology of the 2009 influenza A\/H1N1 pandemic in Mexico. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000436.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2673_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrl042","volume":"62","author":"H MacDougall","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacDougall H. Toronto\u2019s health department in action: influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2007;62:56\u201389.","journal-title":"J Hist Med Allied Sci"},{"key":"2673_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ; COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395:1973-1987.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9"},{"key":"2673_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.10.016","volume":"40","author":"EL Larson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larson EL, Cohen B, Baxter KA. Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40:806\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2673_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-26","volume":"12","author":"T Suess","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suess T, Remschmidt C, Schink SB, Schweiger B, Nitsche A, Schroeder K, Doellinger J, Milde J, Haas W, Koehler I, Krause G, Buchholz U. The role of facemasks and hand hygiene in the prevention of influenza transmission in households: results from a cluster randomised trial; Berlin, Germany, 2009-2011. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:26.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2673_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400003X","volume":"142","author":"VW Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong VW, Cowling BJ, Aiello AE. Hand hygiene and risk of influenza virus infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:922\u201332.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2673_CR134","first-page":"20131345","volume":"280","author":"D He","year":"2013","unstructured":"He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ. Inferring the causes of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England and Wales. Proc Biol Sci. 2013;280:20131345.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"2673_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.016","volume":"98","author":"E de Sousa","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Sousa E, Ligeiro D, L\u00e9rias JR, Zhang C, Agrati C, Osman M, El-Kafrawy SA, Azhar EI, Ippolito G, Wang FS, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Mortality in COVID-19 disease patients: correlating the association of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;98:454\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2673_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COCONEL Group. A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:769-770.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30426-6"},{"key":"2673_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198114","volume":"288","author":"SP Kaur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: a comprehensive status report. Virus Res. 2020;288:198114.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2673_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13517","volume":"202","author":"JS Tregoning","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tregoning JS, Brown ES, Cheeseman HM, Flight KE, Higham SL, Lemm NM, Pierce BF, Stirling DC, Wang Z, Pollock KM. Vaccines for COVID-19. Clin Exp Immunol. 2020;202:162\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2673_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa L, Tasso M, Scotti N, Mostacciuolo E, Girolimetto N, Foglia F, Del Puente A, Scarpa R, Caso F. Telerheumatology in COVID-19 era: a study from a psoriatic arthritis cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020:annrheumdis-2020-217806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217806.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217806"},{"key":"2673_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caso F, Del Puente A, Girolimetto N, Tasso M, Caso C, Scarpa R, Costa L. Improving telemedicine and in-person management of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases,during and after COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Definite need for more Rheumatologists. Response to: \u2018Can telerheumatology improve rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease service delivery in sub-Saharan Africa?\u2019 by Akpabio et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020:annrheumdis-2020-218472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218472.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218472"},{"key":"2673_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4074","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4074","volume":"371","author":"I Bavli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bavli I, Sutton B, Galea S. Harms of public health interventions against covid-19 must not be ignored. BMJ. 2020;371:m4074.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2673_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.04.012","volume":"58","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Vervoort D. Critical care capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic: global availability of intensive care beds. J Crit Care. 2020;58:96\u20137.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2673_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5046","volume":"323","author":"DB White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White DB, Lo B. A Framework for Rationing Ventilators and Critical Care Beds During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323:1773\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2673_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50605","volume":"212","author":"HD Meares","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meares HD, Jones MP. When a system breaks: queueing theory model of intensive care bed needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Med J Aust. 2020;212:470\u20131.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2673_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50596","volume":"212","author":"E Litton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Litton E, Bucci T, Chavan S, Ho YY, Holley A, Howard G, Huckson S, Kwong P, Millar J, Nguyen N, Secombe P, Ziegenfuss M, Pilcher D. Surge capacity of intensive care units in case of acute increase in demand caused by COVID-19 in Australia. Med J Aust. 2020;212:463\u20137.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02673-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02673-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02673-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T10:03:44Z","timestamp":1608631424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02673-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02673-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"PAA has\/had a consultant\/advisory role for Bristol Myers-Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Array, Novartis, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, Incyte, NewLink Genetics, Genmab, Medimmune, AstraZeneca, Syndax, SunPharma, Sanofi, Idera, Ultimovacs, Sandoz, Immunocore, 4SC, Alkermes, Italfarmaco, Nektar, Boehringer-Ingelheim. He also received research funds from Bristol Myers-Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Array, and travel support from MSD. RS, FC, LC, MGV, CT, ADP declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"489"}}