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This study aims to determine differences in the serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Arab Gulf adult residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with risk of COVID-19 infection together with other comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this multi-center, case\u2013control study, a total of 220 male and female adults presenting with none to mild symptoms were screened for COVID-19 (n\u2009=\u2009138 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive and 82 negative controls). Medical history was noted. Anthropometrics were measured and non-fasting blood samples were collected for the assessment of glucose, lipids, inflammatory markers and serum 25(OH)D concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group compared to the negative group after adjustment for age and BMI (52.8\u00a0nmol\/l\u2009\u00b1\u200911.0 versus 64.5\u00a0nmol\/l\u2009\u00b1\u200911.1; p\u2009=\u20090.009). Being elderly (&gt;\u200960\u00a0years) [Odds ratio 6 (95% Confidence Interval, CI 2\u201318; p\u2009=\u20090.001) as well as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) [OR 6 (95% CI 3\u201314); p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)] and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) [OR 6 (95% CI 3\u201314); p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)] were significant risk factors for COVID-19 infection independent of age, sex and obesity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2, serum 25(OH) D levels were observed to be lower in those who tested positive than negative individuals, but it was the presence of old age, diabetes mellitus and low-HDL-c that were significantly associated with risk of COVID-19 infection. Large population-based randomized controlled trials should be conducted to assess the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02838-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T08:03:33Z","timestamp":1619424213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser M.","family":"Al-Daghri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama E.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naif H.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara A.","family":"Aldisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mushira A.","family":"Enani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Sheshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naji J.","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naemah","family":"Alshingetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suliman Y.","family":"Alomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Alfawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed D.","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Alnaami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Sabico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2838_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","volume":"20","author":"E Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. 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