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An important feature of myeloma is a failure of bone healing after successful treatment. In this work, clinical studies indicated a highly positive correlation between bone marrow bacteria abundance and bone lesion numbers of myeloma patients in complete remission. Coculture experiments demonstrated that marrow <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) promotes osteoclast differentiation and inhibits osteoblast differentiation. Mechanism studies showed that <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activated NF-\u03baB p65 signaling and reduced phosphorylated smad1\/5\/9 binding ability with <jats:italic>RUNX2<\/jats:italic> promoter, leading to decreased RUNX2 expression in osteoblast progenitors. Additionally, LPS enhanced phosphorylated NF-\u03baB p65 binding ability with <jats:italic>NFATc1<\/jats:italic> promoter, leading to increased NFATc1 expression in osteoclast progenitors. In vivo studies revealed <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> contributes to osteolytic bone lesion, and elimination of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection assists healing of bone lesion in mouse model of myeloma in complete remission. These findings establish a heretofore unrecognized effect for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in the genesis of myeloma bone disease and suggest a new treatment strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03187-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T09:02:24Z","timestamp":1641459744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bacterial infections exacerbate myeloma bone disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazhu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011442","volume":"364","author":"A Palumbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palumbo A, Anderson K. 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