{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:37:31Z","timestamp":1790026651635,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204841\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204841\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with liver disease are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), however, there has yet been an investigation of incidence burden, risk, and premature mortality across a wide range of liver conditions and cardiovascular outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We employed population-wide electronic health records (EHRs; from 1998 to 2020) consisting of almost 4\u00a0million adults to assess regional variations in disease burden of five liver conditions, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), autoimmune liver disease, chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV), chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV) and NAFLD, in England. We analysed regional differences in incidence rates for 17 manifestations of CVD in people with or without liver disease. The associations between biomarkers and comorbidities and risk of CVD in patients with liver disease were estimated using Cox models. For each liver condition, we estimated excess years of life lost (YLL) attributable to CVD (i.e., difference in YLL between people with or without CVD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The age-standardised incidence rate for any liver disease was 114.5 per 100,000 person years. The highest incidence was observed in NAFLD (85.5), followed by ALD (24.7), HCV (6.0), HBV (4.1) and autoimmune liver disease (3.7). Regionally, the North West and North East regions consistently exhibited high incidence burden. Age-specific incidence rate analyses revealed that the peak incidence for liver disease of non-viral aetiology is reached in individuals aged 50\u201359\u00a0years. Patients with liver disease had a two-fold higher incidence burden of CVD (2634.6 per 100,000 persons) compared to individuals without liver disease (1339.7 per 100,000 persons). When comparing across liver diseases, atrial fibrillation was the most common initial CVD presentation while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was the least common. We noted strong positive associations between body mass index and current smoking and risk of CVD. Patients who also had diabetes, hypertension, proteinuric kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, diverticular disease and gastro-oesophageal reflex disorders had a higher risk of CVD, as do patients with low albumin, raised C-reactive protein and raised International Normalized Ratio levels. All types of CVD were associated with shorter life expectancies. When evaluating excess YLLs by age of CVD onset and by liver disease type, differences in YLLs, when comparing across CVD types, were more pronounced at younger ages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We developed a public online app (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/lailab.shinyapps.io\/cvd_in_liver_disease\/\">https:\/\/lailab.shinyapps.io\/cvd_in_liver_disease\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) to showcase results interactively. We provide a blueprint that revealed previously underappreciated clinical factors related to the risk of CVD, which differed in the magnitude of effects across liver diseases. We found significant geographical variations in the burden of liver disease and CVD, highlighting the need to devise local solutions. Targeted policies and regional initiatives addressing underserved communities might help improve equity of access to CVD screening and treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03210-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T04:05:28Z","timestamp":1641182728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Increased burden of cardiovascular disease in people with liver disease: unequal geographical variations, risk factors and excess years of life lost"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wai Hoong","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie H.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Chia","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham R.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvina G.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3210_CR1","unstructured":"NICE. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg181. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR2","unstructured":"NICE. Cardiovascular disease prevention. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ph25\/chapter\/2-Public-health-need-and-practice. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"367","author":"M Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander M, Loomis AK, Van Der Lei J, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from matched cohort study of 18 million European adults. BMJ. 2019;367:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3210_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73\u201384.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"3210_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30053-7","volume":"3","author":"The LPH","year":"2018","unstructured":"The LPH. Tackling obesity seriously: the time has come. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e153.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"3210_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Hepatitis B. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Hepatitis C. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30227-4","volume":"4","author":"KK Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee KK, Stelzle D, Bing R, et al. Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people with hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4:794\u2013804.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3210_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2017.00021","volume":"5","author":"A Babiker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Babiker A, Jeudy J, Kligerman S, Khambaty M, Shah A, Bagchi S. Risk of cardiovascular disease due to chronic hepatitis C infection: a review. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2017;5:343.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"3210_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.08.006","volume":"49","author":"DL White","year":"2008","unstructured":"White DL, Ratziu V, El-Serag HB. Hepatitis C infection and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2008;49:831\u201344.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"3210_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.09.011","volume":"15","author":"F Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong F. Renal diseases and the liver. Clin Liver Dis. 2011;15:39\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"3210_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60595-4","volume":"382","author":"RT Gansevoort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet. 2013;382:339\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3210_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","volume":"67","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67:328\u201357.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"3210_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000443344","volume":"9","author":"European Association for the Study of The Liver EA, European Association for the Study of Diabetes","year":"2016","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of The Liver EA, European Association for the Study of Diabetes. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obes Facts. 2016;9:65\u201390.","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"3210_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61838-9","volume":"384","author":"R Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, et al. Addressing liver disease in the UK: a blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. Lancet. 2014;384:1953\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3210_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00680-7","volume":"386","author":"R Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams R, Ashton K, Aspinall R, et al. Implementation of the Lancet Standing Commission on liver disease in the UK. Lancet. 2015;386:2098\u2013111.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3210_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32234-6","volume":"389","author":"R Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams R, Alexander G, Aspinall R, et al. New metrics for the Lancet Standing Commission on liver disease in the UK. Lancet. 2017;389:2053\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3210_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30012-3","volume":"1","author":"V Kuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuan V, Denaxas S, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, et al. A chronological map of 308 physical and mental health conditions from 4\u00a0million individuals in the English National Health Service. Lancet Digit Heal. 2019;1:e63-77.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Heal"},{"key":"3210_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz105","author":"S Denaxas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Denaxas S, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Direk K, et al. UK phenomics platform for developing and validating electronic health record phenotypes: CALIBER. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocz105.","journal-title":"J Am Med Informatics Assoc"},{"key":"3210_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1438-y","author":"L Pasea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasea L, Chung S-C, Pujades-Rodriguez M, et al. Bleeding in cardiac patients prescribed antithrombotic drugs: electronic health record phenotyping algorithms, incidence, trends and prognosis: Supplementary Appendix. BMC Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1438-y.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3210_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043828","author":"AG Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai AG, Pasea L, Banerjee A, et al. Estimated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer services and excess 1-year mortality in people with cancer and multimorbidity: near real-time data on cancer care, cancer deaths and a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043828.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3210_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60685-1","volume":"383","author":"E Rapsomaniki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, et al. Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1.25\u00a0million people. Lancet. 2014;383:1899\u2013911.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3210_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70219-0","volume":"3","author":"AD Shah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah AD, Langenberg C, Rapsomaniki E, et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9\u00a0million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:105\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"3210_CR24","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/datasets\/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland. Accessed 23 Apr 2020."},{"key":"3210_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228073","volume":"15","author":"O Plana-Ripoll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Plana-Ripoll O, Canudas-Romo V, Weye N, Laursen TM, McGrath JJ, Andersen PK. lillies: an R package for the estimation of excess life years lost among patients with a given disease or condition. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0228073.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3210_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30429-7","volume":"4","author":"A Erlangsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erlangsen A, Andersen PK, Toender A, Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Canudas-Romo V. Cause-specific life-years lost in people with mental disorders: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:937\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3210_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32316-5","volume":"394","author":"O Plana-Ripoll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plana-Ripoll O, Pedersen CB, Agerbo E, et al. A comprehensive analysis of mortality-related health metrics associated with mental disorders: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet. 2019;394:1827\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3210_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.11.003","volume":"206","author":"TM Laursen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laursen TM, Plana-Ripoll O, Andersen PK, et al. Cause-specific life years lost among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia: is it getting better or worse? Schizophr Res. 2019;206:284\u201390.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"3210_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01709-7","author":"P Kasper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kasper P, Martin A, Lang S, et al. NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: a clinical review. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-020-01709-7.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"3210_CR30","unstructured":"Public Health England. Public Health England. The 2nd Atlas of variation in risk factors and healthcare for liver disease in England. https:\/\/fingertips.phe.org.uk\/profile\/atlas-of-variation. 2017;12\u201330. Accessed 16 Apr 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.12.030","volume":"56","author":"J-P Cervoni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cervoni J-P, Th\u00e9venot T, Weil D, et al. C-reactive protein predicts short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2012;56:1299\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"3210_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq238","volume":"31","author":"RJ Bisoendial","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bisoendial RJ, Boekholdt SM, Vergeer M, Stroes ESG, Kastelein JJP. C-reactive protein is a mediator of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2087\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3210_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313681","volume":"40","author":"A Ronit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronit A, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Dohlmann TL, et al. Plasma albumin and incident cardiovascular disease: results from the CGPS and an updated meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:473\u201382.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"3210_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305235","volume":"35","author":"G Targher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Targher G, Byrne CD. Circulating markers of liver function and cardiovascular disease risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:2290\u20136.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"3210_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.006","volume":"236","author":"SK Kunutsor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Khan H. Liver enzymes and risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236:7\u201317.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"3210_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr172","volume":"40","author":"I Ford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ford I, Mooijaart SP, Lloyd S, et al. The inverse relationship between alanine aminotransferase in the normal range and adverse cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:1530\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3210_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22090","volume":"47","author":"TH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee TH, Kim WR, Benson JT, Therneau TM, Melton LJ III. Serum aminotransferase activity and mortality risk in a United States community. Hepatology. 2008;47:880\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"3210_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2012.08.003","volume":"22","author":"CM Schooling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schooling CM, Kelvin EA, Jones HE. Alanine transaminase has opposite associations with death from diabetes and ischemic heart disease in NHANES III. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:789\u201398.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"3210_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.04.006","volume":"191","author":"RK Schindhelm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schindhelm RK, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, et al. Alanine aminotransferase predicts coronary heart disease events: a 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Atherosclerosis. 2007;191:391\u20136.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"3210_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.742","volume":"12","author":"Z Lominadze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lominadze Z, Kallwitz ER. Misconception: you can\u2019t have liver disease with normal liver chemistries. Clin liver Dis. 2018;12:96.","journal-title":"Clin liver Dis"},{"key":"3210_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.013","volume":"65","author":"G Targher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Targher G, Byrne CD, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Barbui C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2016;65:589\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"3210_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i10.1579","volume":"13","author":"M Hamaguchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2007;13:1579.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol WJG"},{"key":"3210_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1017","volume":"17","author":"EM Przybyszewski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Przybyszewski EM, Targher G, Roden M, Corey KE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2021;17:19\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"3210_CR44","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Years of life lost from cardiovascular disease. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/00000809.htm. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982\u20133021.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3210_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010744","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010744","volume":"8","author":"DG Iyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iyer DG, Shah NS, Hastings KG, et al. Years of potential life lost because of cardiovascular disease in Asian-American subgroups, 2003\u20132012. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e010744.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"3210_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.11.022","volume":"156","author":"AA Butt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butt AA, Yan P, Shuaib A, Abou-Samra A-B, Shaikh OS, Freiberg MS. Direct-acting antiviral therapy for HCV infection is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease events. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:987\u201396.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3210_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.009","volume":"156","author":"P Cacoub","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cacoub P. Hepatitis C virus infection, a new modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:862\u20134.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3210_CR49","unstructured":"Public Health England. Tackling inequalities in hepatitis C testing and treatment. https:\/\/publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk\/2019\/07\/28\/tackling-inequalities-in-hepatitis-c-testing-and-treatment\/. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"key":"3210_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3954-4","volume":"17","author":"ACK Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee ACK, Vedio A, Liu EZH, Horsley J, Jesurasa A, Salway S. Determinants of uptake of hepatitis B testing and healthcare access by migrant Chinese in the England: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3210_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X684817","volume":"66","author":"I Evlampidou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evlampidou I, Hickman M, Irish C, et al. Low hepatitis B testing among migrants: a cross-sectional study in a UK city. Br J Gen Pract. 2016;66:e382\u201391.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"3210_CR52","unstructured":"NHS Health Check. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/nhs-health-check\/. Accessed 19 Mar 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"3210_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01638-z","volume":"21","author":"AG Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai AG, Chang WH, Parisinos CA, Katsoulis M, Blackburn RM, Shah AD, Nguyen V, Denaxas S, Davey Smith G, Gaunt TR, Nirantharakumar K, Cox MP, Forde D, Asselbergs FW, Harris S, Richardson S, Sofat R, Dobson RJB, Hingorani A, Patel R, Sterne J, Banerjee A, Denniston AK, Ball S, Sebire NJ, Shah NH, Foster GR, Williams B, Hemingway H. An informatics consult approach for generating clinical evidence for treatment decisions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021;21(1):281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-021-01638-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak."}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-021-03210-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-021-03210-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-021-03210-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T04:20:38Z","timestamp":1641183638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12967-021-03210-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-021-03210-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.10.07.21264705","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Information governance approval was obtained from the Medicines Healthcare Regulatory Authority (UK) Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (21_000363) Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"GRF receives funding from companies that manufacture drugs for hepatitis C virus (AbbVie, Gilead, MSD) and consults for GSK, Arbutus and Shionogi in areas unrelated to this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}