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Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms related to this response have not been clarified.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics techniques were used to analyse the urinary microbial and metabolite profiles of 30 IC\/BPS patients and 30 healthy controls, and correlation analyses were performed to explore the mechanisms by which they might be involved in the inflammatory response of IC\/BPS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-eight differential genera, such as <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sphingomonas,<\/jats:italic> were identified. A total of 44 differential metabolites such as 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid and theophylline were screened. The abundance of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic> was significantly higher in the urine of female IC\/BPS patients and healthy controls compared to males, while <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> were lower than in males. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis suggested that differential microorganisms may influence the composition of metabolites. The <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> genus may be a protective bacterium against IC\/BPS, whereas <jats:italic>Sphingomonas<\/jats:italic> may be a pathogenic factor. The differential metabolite theophylline, as an anti-inflammatory substance, may downregulate the inflammatory response of IC\/BPS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study revealed microbial and metabolite profiles in the urine of IC\/BPS patients versus healthy controls in both males and females. We also found some microorganisms and metabolites closely related to the inflammatory response of IC\/BPS, which provided directions for future aetiological and therapeutic research.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04115-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T05:02:03Z","timestamp":1681880523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis reveals novel urinary microenvironmental signatures in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhenming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenshuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiqun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4115_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.086","volume":"193","author":"PM Hanno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanno PM, Erickson D, Moldwin R, Faraday MM. 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