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Long-term drug use in clinical practice is often accompanied by adverse reactions. Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an immunomodulatory therapy with few side effects, offering a potential and safe therapeutic alternative for RA through the induction of immune tolerance. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ECP on RA using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model, as well as to explore its immunomodulatory effects in vivo. Additionally, particular attention was given to the significant role of monocytes during the ECP process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A murine model of rheumatoid arthritis was established by administering two injections of bovine type II collagen to DBA\/1J mice. ECP, ECP-MD (mononuclear cells were depleted during the ECP), MTX, and PBS treatment were applied to the CIA mice. During the treatment process, clinical scores and body weight changes of CIA mice were closely monitored. After six treatment sessions, micro-CT images of the hind paws from live mice were captured. Ankle joints and paws of the mice were collected and processed for histological evaluation. Spleen samples were collected to measure the Th17\/Treg cells ratio, and serum samples were collected to assess cytokine and anti-type II collagen IgG levels. Monocytes and dendritic cells populations before and after ECP in vitro were detected by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ECP therapy significantly attenuated the progression of CIA, alleviated the severity of clinical symptoms in CIA mice and effectively suppressed synovial hyperplasia, inflammation, and cartilage damage. There was an expansion in the percentage of CD3\u2009+\u2009CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25\u2009+\u2009FoxP3\u2009+\u2009Tregs and a decrease in CD3\u2009+\u2009CD4\u2009+\u2009IL17A\u2009+\u2009Th17 cells in vivo. Furthermore, ECP reduced the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (53.47\u2009\u00b1\u20097.074\u00a0pg\/mL vs 5.142\u2009\u00b1\u20091.779\u00a0pg\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and IL-17A (3.077\u2009\u00b1\u20090.401\u00a0pg\/mL vs 0.238\u2009\u00b1\u20090.082\u00a0pg\/mlL,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) compared with PBS. Interestingly, the depletion of monocytes during the ECP process did not lead to any improvement in clinical symptoms or histological scores in CIA mice. Moreover, the imbalance in the Th17\/Treg cells ratio became even more pronounced, accompanied by an augmented secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A. In vitro, compared with cells without ECP treatment, the proportion of CD11b\u2009+\u2009cells were significantly reduced (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), the proportion of CD11c\u2009+\u2009cells were significantly elevated (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) 24\u00a0h after ECP treatment. Additionally, the expression of MHC II (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), CD80 (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and CD86 (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) was downregulated in CD11c\u2009+\u2009cells 24\u00a0h after ECP treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that ECP exhibits a therapeutic effect comparable to conventional therapy in CIA mice, and the protective mechanisms of ECP against RA involve Th17\/Treg cells ratio, which result in decreased IL-6 and IL-17A. Notably, monocytes derived from CIA mice are an indispensable part to the efficacy of ECP treatment, and the proportion of monocytes decreased and the proportion of tolerogenic dendritic cells increased after ECP treatment in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05105-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T08:01:59Z","timestamp":1711353719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Extracorporeal photopheresis reduces inflammation and joint damage in a rheumatoid arthritis murine model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanrui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2756-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5105_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","volume":"388","author":"JS Smolen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. 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