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Although outcomes are fair for low-grade disease, patients with high-grade, recurrent, or metastatic disease oftentimes respond poorly to standard treatment methods. We hypothesized that an in-depth evaluation of the olfactory neuroblastoma tumor immune microenvironment would identify mechanisms of immune evasion in high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma as well as rational targetable mechanisms for future translational immunotherapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multispectral immunofluorescence and RNAScope evaluation of the tumor immune microenvironment was performed on forty-seven clinically annotated olfactory neuroblastoma samples. A retrospective chart review was performed and clinical correlations assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant T cell infiltration was noted in olfactory neuroblastoma samples with a stromal predilection, presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and sparse natural killer cells. A striking decrease was observed in MHC-I expression in high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma compared to low-grade disease, representing a mechanism of immune evasion in high-grade disease. Mechanistically, the immune effector stromal predilection appears driven by low tumor cell MHC class II (HLA-DR), CXCL9, and CXCL10 expression as those tumors with increased tumor cell expression of each of these mediators correlated with significant increases in T cell infiltration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data suggest that immunotherapeutic strategies that augment tumor cell expression of MHC class II, CXCL9, and CXCL10 may improve parenchymal trafficking of immune effector cells in olfactory neuroblastoma and augment immunotherapeutic responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05339-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T06:03:43Z","timestamp":1717135423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Augmentation of tumor expression of HLA-DR, CXCL9, and CXCL10 may improve olfactory neuroblastoma immunotherapeutic responses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Riley M.","family":"Larkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana C.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette L.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiem","family":"Lassoued","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Canubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baktiar","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenia","family":"Vulikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalampos S.","family":"Floudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Gulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary L.","family":"Gallia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clint T.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Nyall R.","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"5339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-009-0125-2","volume":"3","author":"LDR Thompson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thompson LDR. 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