{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T12:28:24Z","timestamp":1793968104914,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06231-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T09:46:46Z","timestamp":1740563206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["FSTL1 accelerates nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration by activating TGF-\u03b2-mediated Smad2\/3 phosphorylation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Yu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu-Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Yu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9835-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cai-Liang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","volume":"391","author":"J Hartvigsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391:2356\u201367.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6231_CR2","unstructured":"Global incidence. prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024."},{"key":"6231_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef700","volume":"36","author":"D Chou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chou D, Samartzis D, Bellabarba C, Patel A, Luk KD, Kisser JM, Skelly AC. Degenerative magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36:S43\u201353.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6231_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1872227","volume":"17","author":"R He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He R, Wang Z, Cui M, Liu S, Wu W, Chen M, Wu Y, Qu Y, Lin H, Chen S, et al. HIF1A alleviates compression-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus derived stem cells via upregulating autophagy. Autophagy. 2021;17:3338\u201360.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"6231_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03031-7","volume":"13","author":"YY Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang YY, Hu ZL, Qi YH, Li HY, Chang X, Gao XX, Liu CH, Li YY, Lou JH, Zhai Y, Li CQ. Pretreatment of nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells with appropriate concentration of H(2)O(2) enhances their ability to treat intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13:340.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"6231_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X10666150416114027","volume":"10","author":"CJ Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma CJ, Liu X, Che L, Liu ZH, Samartzis D, Wang HQ. Stem cell therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration: Immune Privilege reinforcement by Fas\/FasL regulating Machinery. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;10:285\u201395.","journal-title":"Curr Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"6231_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.13","volume":"11","author":"D Sakai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sakai D, Andersson GB. Stem cell therapy for intervertebral disc regeneration: obstacles and solutions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:243\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"6231_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.10.034","volume":"361","author":"H Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu H, Zeng X, Yu J, Shang Y, Tu M, Cheang LH, Zhang J. Comparison of nucleus pulposus stem\/progenitor cells isolated from degenerated intervertebral discs with umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res. 2017;361:324\u201332.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"6231_CR9","first-page":"3541","volume":"6","author":"Y Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng Y, Qing X, Lin H, Huang D, Li J, Tian S, Liu S, Lv X, Ma K, Li R, et al. Decellularized disc hydrogels for hBMSCs tissue-specific differentiation and tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater. 2021;6:3541\u201356.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"6231_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33638","volume":"9","author":"Z Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao Z, Luo R, Li G, Song Y, Zhan S, Zhao K, Hua W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Yang C. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress to protect against nucleus pulposus cell death and ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. Theranostics. 2019;9:4084\u2013100.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"6231_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10351","volume":"17","author":"B Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong B, Liao Z, Liu H, Ke W, Lei C, Zhang W, Liang H, Wang H, He Y, Lei J, et al. Augmenting Intracellular Cargo Delivery of Extracellular vesicles in Hypoxic Tissues through Inhibiting Hypoxia-Induced endocytic recycling. ACS Nano. 2023;17:2537\u201353.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"6231_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1159\/000369452","volume":"199","author":"B Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han B, Wang HC, Li H, Tao YQ, Liang CZ, Li FC, Chen G, Chen QX. Nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells in acidic conditions mimicking degenerative intervertebral discs give better performance than adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs. 2014;199:342\u201352.","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"6231_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0314","volume":"26","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Tao H, Wang H, Dong F, Zhang R, Li J, Ge P, Song P, Zhang H, Xu P, et al. Biological Behavior of Human Nucleus Pulposus Mesenchymal Stem cells in response to changes in the acidic environment during intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem Cells Dev. 2017;26:901\u201311.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"6231_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10703","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202850","volume":"13","author":"J Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding J, Zhang R, Li H, Ji Q, Cheng X, Thorne RF, Hondermarck H, Liu X, Shen C. ASIC1 and ASIC3 mediate cellular senescence of human nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells during intervertebral disc degeneration. Aging. 2021;13:10703\u201323.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"6231_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2226","volume":"3","author":"D Sakai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakai D, Nakamura Y, Nakai T, Mishima T, Kato S, Grad S, Alini M, Risbud MV, Chan D, Cheah KS, et al. Exhaustion of nucleus pulposus progenitor cells with ageing and degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1264.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6231_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0154-x","volume":"15","author":"FJ Lyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyu FJ, Cheung KM, Zheng Z, Wang H, Sakai D, Leung VY. IVD progenitor cells: a new horizon for understanding disc homeostasis and repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15:102\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"6231_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grunhagen T, Shirazi-Adl A, Fairbank JC, Urban JP. Intervertebral disk nutrition: a review of factors influencing concentrations of nutrients and metabolites. Orthop Clin North Am 2011, 42:465\u2013477, vii.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2011.07.010"},{"key":"6231_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.006","volume":"48","author":"C Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang C, Guo Q, Jin Y, Xu JJ, Sun ZM, Zhu DC, Lin JH, Tian NF, Sun LJ, Zhang XL, Wu YS. Inhibition of EZH2 ameliorates cartilage endplate degeneration and attenuates the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration via demethylation of Sox-9. EBioMedicine. 2019;48:619\u201329.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"6231_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108019","volume":"170","author":"Z Xi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xi Z, Xie Y, Sun S, Wang N, Chen S, Wang G, Li J. IVD fibrosis and disc collapse comprehensively aggravate vertebral body disuse osteoporosis and zygapophyseal joint osteoarthritis by posteriorly shifting the load transmission pattern. Comput Biol Med. 2024;170:108019.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"6231_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05094-y","volume":"81","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu L, Qi Y, Lou J, Chen Y, Liu C, Li H, Chang X, Hu Z, Li Y, et al. Lactic acid promotes nucleus pulposus cell senescence and corresponding intervertebral disc degeneration via interacting with Akt. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024;81:24.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"6231_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15372","volume":"525","author":"K Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei K, Serpooshan V, Hurtado C, Diez-Cu\u00f1ado M, Zhao M, Maruyama S, Zhu W, Fajardo G, Noseda M, Nakamura K, et al. Epicardial FSTL1 reconstitution regenerates the adult mammalian heart. Nature. 2015;525:479\u201385.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6231_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41832-3","volume":"14","author":"S Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo S, Feng Y, Zhu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang R, Zhang Q, Li Y, Ren Y, Gao X, et al. Metabolic crosstalk between skeletal muscle cells and liver through IRF4-FSTL1 in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Commun. 2023;14:6047.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6231_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325150","volume":"71","author":"J Rao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao J, Wang H, Ni M, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei S, Liu M, Wang P, Qiu J, Zhang L, et al. FSTL1 promotes liver fibrosis by reprogramming macrophage function through modulating the intracellular function of PKM2. Gut. 2022;71:2539\u201350.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"6231_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.11.010","volume":"10","author":"Y Xi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xi Y, Hao M, Liang Q, Li Y, Gong DW, Tian Z. Dynamic resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle-derived FSTL1 inducing cardiac angiogenesis via DIP2A-Smad2\/3 in rats following myocardial infarction. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10:594\u2013603.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"6231_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.09.031","volume":"29","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Fang Y, Jiang D, Dong Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Guo J, Qi C, Zhao C, Jiang F, et al. Targeting FSTL1 for multiple fibrotic and systemic Autoimmune diseases. Mol Ther. 2021;29:347\u201364.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"6231_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204822","volume":"74","author":"Y Chaly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaly Y, Blair HC, Smith SM, Bushnell DS, Marinov AD, Campfield BT, Hirsch R. Follistatin-like protein 1 regulates chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"6231_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106465","volume":"83","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li W, Alahdal M, Deng Z, Liu J, Zhao Z, Cheng X, Chen X, Li J, Yin J, Li Y, et al. Molecular functions of FSTL1 in the osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;83:106465.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"6231_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan X, Ding JY, Zhang RJ, Zhang HQ, Kang L, Jia CY, Liu XY, Shen CL. FSTL1 Accelerates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Senescence and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Pathway. Inflammation 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-01972-0"},{"key":"6231_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00918-9","volume":"34","author":"M Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res. 2024;34:101\u201323.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"6231_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207923","volume":"75","author":"Z Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui Z, Crane J, Xie H, Jin X, Zhen G, Li C, Xie L, Wang L, Bian Q, Qiu T, et al. Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis by inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 activity and H-type vessel formation in subchondral bone. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1714\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"6231_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S358396","volume":"17","author":"L Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu L, Yang Y, Yan Z, Zeng J, Weng F, Shi Y, Shen P, Liu L, Yang H. Controlled release of TGF-\u03b23 for effective local endogenous repair in IDD using rat model. Int J Nanomed. 2022;17:2079\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"6231_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3143","volume":"19","author":"G Zhen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhen G, Wen C, Jia X, Li Y, Crane JL, Mears SC, Askin FB, Frassica FJ, Chang W, Yao J, et al. Inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in mesenchymal stem cells of subchondral bone attenuates osteoarthritis. Nat Med. 2013;19:704\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"6231_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3696","volume":"28","author":"X Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li X, Li L, Chang Y, Ning W, Liu X. Structural and functional study of FK domain of Fstl1. Protein Sci. 2019;28:1819\u201329.","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"6231_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121878","volume":"212","author":"Y Dong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dong Y, Geng Y, Li L, Li X, Yan X, Fang Y, Li X, Dong S, Liu X, Li X, et al. Blocking follistatin-like 1 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Exp Med. 2015;212:235\u201352.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"6231_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07360-1","volume":"9","author":"ML Ji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ji ML, Jiang H, Zhang XJ, Shi PL, Li C, Wu H, Wu XT, Wang YT, Wang C, Lu J. Preclinical development of a microRNA-based therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Commun. 2018;9:5051.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6231_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.10.002","volume":"43","author":"ZN Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang ZN, Wang ZY, Cheng XF, Huang ZZ, Han YL, Cui YZ, Liu B, Tian W. Melatonin alleviates oxidative stress-induced injury to nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells through activating PI3K\/Akt pathway. J Orthop Translat. 2023;43:66\u201384.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"6231_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0919-9","volume":"9","author":"XC Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li XC, Wang MS, Liu W, Zhong CF, Deng GB, Luo SJ, Huang CM. Co-culturing nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells with notochordal cell-rich nucleus pulposus explants attenuates tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-induced senescence. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9:171.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"6231_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.02.045","volume":"28","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen X, Zhu L, Wu G, Liang Z, Yang L, Du Z. A comparison between nucleus pulposus-derived stem cell transplantation and nucleus pulposus cell transplantation for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration in a rabbit model. Int J Surg. 2016;28:77\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"6231_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yanxia Zhu JLYLJSKXGZ. MiR-146a induces the aging of mesenchymal stem cell via CASK. 2024;5:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42764-023-00119-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s42764-023-00119-z"},{"key":"6231_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27466","volume":"234","author":"XB Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang XB, Wang H, Long HQ, Li DY, Zheng X. LINC00641 regulates autophagy and intervertebral disc degeneration by acting as a competitive endogenous RNA of mir-153-3p under nutrition deprivation stress. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:7115\u201327.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"6231_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00732-0","volume":"54","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Xia D, Lin Y, Xu W, Wu Y, Chen J, Chu J, Shen P, Weng S, Wang X, et al. Oxidative stress-induced circKIF18A downregulation impairs MCM7-mediated anti-senescence in intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Mol Med. 2022;54:285\u201397.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"6231_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12941","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12941","volume":"54","author":"K Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao K, An R, Xiang Q, Li G, Wang K, Song Y, Liao Z, Li S, Hua W, Feng X, et al. Acid-sensing ion channels regulate nucleus pulposus cell inflammation and pyroptosis via the NLRP3 inflammasome in intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Prolif. 2021;54:e12941.","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"6231_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02362-1","volume":"12","author":"Y Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun Y, Zhang W, Li X. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells deliver exogenous mir-105-5p via small extracellular vesicles to rejuvenate senescent nucleus pulposus cells and attenuate intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:286.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"6231_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00753-9","volume":"54","author":"S Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen S, Lei L, Li Z, Chen F, Huang Y, Jiang G, Guo X, Zhao Z, Liu H, Wang H, et al. Grem1 accelerates nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting TGF-\u03b2-mediated Smad2\/3 phosphorylation. Exp Mol Med. 2022;54:518\u201330.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"6231_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.136","volume":"49","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang J, Li Z, Chen F, Liu H, Wang H, Li X, Liu X, Wang J, Zheng Z. TGF-\u03b21 suppresses CCL3\/4 expression through the ERK signaling pathway and inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration and inflammation-related pain in a rat model. Exp Mol Med. 2017;49:e379.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"6231_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2306105","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306105","volume":"36","author":"D Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng D, Chen W, Chen T, Chen X, Liang J, Chen H, Shen H, Deng L, Ruan H, Cui W. Hydrogen ion capturing hydrogel microspheres for reversing inflammaging. Adv Mater. 2024;36:e2306105.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"6231_CR47","first-page":"132","volume":"37","author":"L Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou L, Cai F, Zhu H, Xu Y, Tang J, Wang W, Li Z, Wu J, Ding Z, Xi K, et al. Immune-defensive microspheres promote regeneration of the nucleus pulposus by targeted entrapment of the inflammatory cascade during intervertebral disc degeneration. Bioact Mater. 2024;37:132\u201352.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"6231_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10500","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10500","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Xue M, Han Y, Li Y, Xiao B, Wang W, Yu J, Ye X. Exosomes from M2c macrophages alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration by promoting synthesis of the extracellular matrix via MiR-124\/CILP\/TGF-\u03b2. Bioeng Transl Med. 2023;8:e10500.","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"6231_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.01.001","volume":"39","author":"R Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu R, Xu H, Deng X, Wang Y, He Z, Xu S, Liang S, Huang X, You H, Guo F, et al. Physalin A alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration via anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. J Orthop Translat. 2023;39:74\u201387.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"6231_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116185","volume":"154","author":"B Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu B, Xiao L, Wang C, Liu C, Zhang Y, Ding B, Gao D, Lu Y, Xu H. Circ_0022382 ameliorated intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating TGF-\u03b23 expression through sponge adsorption of miR-4726-5p. Bone. 2022;154:116185.","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06231-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06231-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06231-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T10:26:30Z","timestamp":1740565590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06231-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06231-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University (approval No. 2017372). Animal experiments were approved and supervised by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University (approval No. 20170423).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors approved the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"232"}}