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All procedures were approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (Approved project: Clinical research of neural stem cells, Approval No. LCKY2016-60, Approval date: Dec. 2nd 2016), and complied with the standards of the National Health Research Institute. The experiments conducted on animals were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Animal Experiment Center of Dalian Medical University and performed following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health (Approved project: Study on the repair of neurological damage in ischemic stroke by engineered neural stem cell vesicles, Approval No. AEE23127, Approval date: Feb. 28th 2023). Methods for each procedure were performed in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations. All experiments were conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"402"}}