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We aimed to identify potential plasma biomarkers or drug targets for AD by investigating the causal association between plasma proteins and AD by integrating comprehensive Mendelian randomization (MR) and multi-omics data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using two-sample MR,\n                      <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                      protein quantitative trait loci (\n                      <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -pQTLs) for 1,916 plasma proteins were used as an exposure to infer their causal effect on AD liability in individuals of European ancestry, with two large-scale AD genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets as the outcome for discovery and replication. Significant causal relationships were validated by sensitivity analyses, reverse MR analysis, and Bayesian colocalization analysis. Additionally, we investigated the causal associations at the transcriptional level with\n                      <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene expression quantitative trait loci (\n                      <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -eQTLs) data across brain tissues and blood in European ancestry populations, as well as causal plasma proteins in African ancestry populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In those of European ancestry, the genetically predicted levels of five plasma proteins (BLNK, CD2AP, GRN, PILRA, and PILRB) were causally associated with AD. Among these five proteins, GRN was protective against AD, while the rest were risk factors. Consistent causal effects were found in the brain for\n                      <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -eQTLs of\n                      <jats:italic>GRN<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>BLNK<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>CD2AP<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while the same was true for\n                      <jats:italic>PILRA<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the blood. None of the plasma proteins were significantly associated with AD in persons of African ancestry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive MR analyses with multi-omics data identified five plasma proteins that had causal effects on AD, highlighting potential biomarkers or drug targets for better diagnosis and treatment for AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06317-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T06:02:45Z","timestamp":1741240965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Biomarker identification for Alzheimer\u2019s disease through integration of comprehensive Mendelian randomization and proteomics data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Cammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6317_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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