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It significantly impacts quality of life and economic productivity. Traditional methods like diet and lifestyle changes often fail to produce substantial weight loss. Consequently, emerging treatments such as anti-obesity medications, bariatric surgery, and fecal microbiota transplantation are becoming more prominent. Recent research emphasizes the role of hormones that communicate with the hypothalamus through the gut-brain axis, affecting appetite, insulin secretion, and body weight via specific signaling pathways. This review explores the role of key gastrointestinal hormones (GLP-1, PYY, ghrelin, CCK, GIP, leptin, and bile acids) and their signaling pathways in metabolic regulation. 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