{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:09:57Z","timestamp":1792537797362,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82373077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06754-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T09:46:56Z","timestamp":1751449616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["DSG3 promotes bladder cancer growth and metastasis via AKT\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin pathway"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjian","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaidi","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengna","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5744-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongkui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6754_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Filho AM, Laversanne M, Ferlay J, Colombet M, Pineros M, Znaor A, Parkin DM, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. The Globocan 2022 cancer estimates: data sources, methods, and a snapshot of the cancer burden worldwide. Int J Cancer. 2024;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.35278.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35278"},{"key":"6754_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A, Cancer statistics. 2025. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2025;75:10\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21871","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871"},{"key":"6754_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076743","volume":"384","author":"A Lopez-Beltran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopez-Beltran A, Cookson MS, Guercio BJ, Cheng L. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. BMJ. 2024;384:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-076743.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6754_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.412","volume":"39","author":"S Samnani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samnani S, Veitch ZWN, Kaiser J, Stecca C, Alqaisi H, North SA, Sridhar SS, Alimohamed NS. Trends over time in survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma in the real-world: a multicenter analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.412.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"6754_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.003","volume":"75","author":"JI Warrick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warrick JI, Sjodahl G, Kaag M, Raman JD, Merrill S, Shuman L, Chen G, Walter V, DeGraff DJ. Intratumoral heterogeneity of bladder cancer by molecular subtypes and histologic variants. Eur Urol. 2019;75:18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.003.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"6754_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature. 2014;507:315\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12965.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12965"},{"key":"6754_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2021.05.005","volume":"14","author":"H Al-Ahmadie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Ahmadie H, Netto GJ. Molecular pathology of urothelial carcinoma. Surg Pathol Clin. 2021;14:403\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.path.2021.05.005.","journal-title":"Surg Pathol Clin"},{"key":"6754_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.01.009","volume":"25","author":"W Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi W, Porten SP, Willis SK, Plimack D, Hoffman-Censits ER, Roth JH, Cheng B, Tran T, Lee M, Melquist I, Bondaruk J, Majewski J, Zhang T, Pretzsch S, Baggerly S, Siefker-Radtke KA, Czerniak A, Dinney B, McConkey CP. Identification of distinct basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with different sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2014;25:152\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.01.009.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"6754_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318376111","volume":"111","author":"JS Damrauer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Damrauer JS, Hoadley KA, Chism DD, Fan C, Tiganelli CJ, Wobker SE, Yeh JJ, Milowsky MI, Iyer G, Parker JS, Kim WY. Intrinsic subtypes of high-grade bladder cancer reflect the hallmarks of breast cancer biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:3110\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1318376111.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6754_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.09.006","volume":"77","author":"A Kamoun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamoun A, de Reynies A, Allory Y, Sjodahl G, Robertson AG, Seiler R, Hoadley KA, Groeneveld CS, Al-Ahmadie H, Choi W, Castro MAA, Fontugne J, Eriksson P, Mo Q, Kardos J, Zlotta A, Hartmann A, Dinney CP, Bellmunt J, Powles T, Malats N, Chan KS, Kim WY, McConkey DJ, Black PC, Dyrskjot L, Hoglund M, Lerner SP, Real FX, Radvanyi F. A consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2020;77:420\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.09.006.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"6754_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4886","volume":"242","author":"G Sjodahl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sjodahl G, Eriksson P, Liedberg F, Hoglund M. Molecular classification of urothelial carcinoma: global Mrna classification versus tumour-cell phenotype classification. J Pathol. 2017;242:113\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4886.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"6754_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.04.001","volume":"113","author":"A Lopez-Beltran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Beltran A, Cimadamore A, Montironi R, Cheng L. Molecular pathology of urothelial carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2021;113:67\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.04.001.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"6754_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2019.10.013","volume":"38","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y, Kaimakliotis HZ, Williamson SR, Koch MO, Huang K, Barboza MP, Zhang S, Wang M, Idrees MT, Grignon DJ, Eble JN, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder displays immunophenotypic features of luminal and p53-like subtypes and is not a variant of adenocarcinoma. Urol Oncol. 2020;38:449\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urolonc.2019.10.013.","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"6754_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6060","volume":"259","author":"J Fontugne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fontugne J, Wong J, Cabel L, Neyret Kahn H, Karboul N, Maill\u00e9 P, Rapinat A, Gentien D, Nicolas A, Baulande S, Sibony M, Bernard Pierrot I, Radvanyi F, Allory Y. Progression-associated molecular changes in basal\/squamous and sarcomatoid bladder carcinogenesis. J Pathol. 2023;259:455\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.6060.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"6754_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.036","volume":"174","author":"AG Robertson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robertson AG, Kim J, Ahmadie HA, Bellmunt J, Guo G, Cherniack AD, Hinoue T, Laird PW, Hoadley KA, Akbani R, Castro MAA, Gibb EA, Kanchi RS, Gordenin DA, Shukla SA, Vega FS, Hansel DE, Czerniak B, Reuter VE, Su X, Carvalho B, Chagas VS, Mungall K, Sadeghi S, Pedamallu CS, Lu Y, Klimczak LJ, Zhang J, Choo C, Ojesina AI, Bullman S, Leraas KM, Lichtenberg TM, Wu CJ, Schultz N, Getz G, Meyerson M, Mills GB, McConkey DJ, Weinstein JN, Kwiatkowski DJ, Lerner SP. Comprehensive molecular characterization of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cell. 2018;174:1033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.036.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6754_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6042-1","volume":"19","author":"HD Yuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuk HD, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Kim HH, Moon KC, Ku JH. Clinical outcomes of muscle invasive bladder cancer according to the Basq classification. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-019-6042-1.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"6754_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.06.022","volume":"72","author":"CA Rentsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rentsch CA, M\u00fcller DC, Ruiz C, Bubendorf L. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma: a step closer to clinical translation? Eur Urol. 2017;72:960\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.06.022.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"6754_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1172\/jci57379","volume":"121","author":"H Takahashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takahashi H, Kouno M, Nagao K, Wada N, Hata T, Nishimoto S, Iwakura Y, Yoshimura A, Yamada T, Kuwana M, Fujii H, Koyasu S, Amagai M. Desmoglein 3\u2013specific cd4\u2009+\u2009t cells induce pemphigus vulgaris and interface dermatitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:3677\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci57379.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"6754_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90360-b","volume":"67","author":"M Amagai","year":"1991","unstructured":"Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR. Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial Cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell. 1991;67:869\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90360-b.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6754_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2016.1195942","volume":"11","author":"H Moftah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moftah H, Dias K, Apu EH, Liu L, Uttagomol J, Bergmeier LA, Kermorgant S, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 regulates membrane trafficking of cadherins, an implication in cell-cell adhesion. Cell Adh Migr. 2016;11:211\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19336918.2016.1195942.","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"6754_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3982","volume":"227","author":"SM Tsang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsang SM, Brown L, Lin K, Liu L, Piper K, Toole EAO, Grose R, Hart IR, Garrod DR, Fortune F, Wan H. Non-junctional human Desmoglein 3 acts as an upstream regulator of Src in e\u2010cadherin adhesion, a pathway possibly involved in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris. J Pathol. 2012;227:81\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.3982.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"6754_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014211","volume":"5","author":"SM Tsang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsang SM, Liu L, Teh M, Wheeler A, Grose R, Hart IR, Garrod DR, Fortune F, Wan H. Desmoglein 3, via an interaction with e-cadherin, is associated with activation of Src. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e14211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014211.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6754_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2220940","volume":"2022","author":"Z Chi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chi Z, Balani J, Gopal P, Hammer STG, Lewis C, Peng L. Characterization of Desmoglein 3 (dsg3) as a sensitive and specific marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2022;2022:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2220940.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"6754_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.186","volume":"33","author":"L Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown L, Waseem A, Cruz IN, Szary J, Guni\u0107 E, Mannan T, Unadkat M, Yang M, Valderrama F, Toole EAO, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating activator protein 1 and protein kinase c-dependent-ezrin activation. Oncogene. 2013;33:2363\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2013.186.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"6754_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216058","volume":"556","author":"X Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei X, Wang B, Wu Z, Yang X, Guo Y, Yang Y, Fang Z, Yi C, Zhang L, Fan X, Zhang L, Song D. Wd repeat protein 54-mediator of erbb2-driven cell motility 1 axis promotes bladder cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis and impairs chemosensitivity. Cancer Lett. 2023;556:216058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216058.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"6754_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00199","volume":"23","author":"Q Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang Q, Chen Y, Yin J, Wang T, Dai Y, Wu Z, Guo Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Song D, Zhang L. Comprehensive urinary proteome profiling analysis identifies diagnosis and relapse surveillance biomarkers for bladder cancer. J Proteome Res. 2024;23:2241\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00199.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"6754_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0367-0","volume":"37","author":"E Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee E, Collazo-Lorduy A, Castillo-Mart\u00edn M, Gong Y, Wang L, Oh WK, Galsky MD, Cardo CC, Zhu J. Identification of micror-106b as a prognostic biomarker of p53-like bladder cancers by Actmir. Oncogene. 2018;37:5858\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-018-0367-0.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"6754_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3818","volume":"14","author":"H Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, Jove R. Revisiting stat3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:736\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc3818.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"6754_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.4.5.9371","volume":"4","author":"Y Ying","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ying Y, Tao Q. Epigenetic disruption of the wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway in human cancers. Epigenetics. 2009;4:307\u201312.","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"6754_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9063","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.20.9063-9072.2005","volume":"25","author":"S Hino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hino S, Tanji C, Nakayama KI, Kikuchi A. Phosphorylation of beta-catenin by Cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase stabilizes beta-catenin through Inhibition of its ubiquitination. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25:9063\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.25.20.9063-9072.2005.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"6754_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8552","volume":"185","author":"CM Hedgepeth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hedgepeth CM, Conrad LJ, Zhang J, Huang HC, Lee VM, Klein PS. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway: a molecular mechanism for lithium action. Dev Biol. 1997;185:82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/dbio.1997.8552.","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"6754_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2013.67","volume":"4","author":"NI Herath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herath NI, Rocques N, Garancher A, Eychene A, Pouponnot C. Gsk3-mediated Maf phosphorylation in multiple myeloma as a potential therapeutic target. Blood Cancer J. 2014;4:e175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bcj.2013.67.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"6754_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-9822(98)70274-x","volume":"8","author":"KE Anderson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Anderson KE, Coadwell J, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. Translocation of pdk-1 to the plasma membrane is important in allowing pdk-1 to activate protein kinase b. Curr Biol. 1998;8:684\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0960-9822(98)70274-x.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"6754_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31515","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.50.31515","volume":"272","author":"M Andjelkovic","year":"1997","unstructured":"Andjelkovic M, Alessi DR, Meier R, Fernandez A, Lamb NJ, Frech M, Cron P, Cohen P, Lucocq JM, Hemmings BA. Role of translocation in the activation and function of protein kinase b. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:31515\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.50.31515.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"6754_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09900.x","volume":"108","author":"E Scosyrev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scosyrev E, Ely BW, Messing EM, Speights VO, Grossman HB, Wood DP, de Vere WR, Vogelzang NJ, Trump DL, Natale RB, Tangen CM, Crawford ED, Thompson IM. Do mixed histological features affect survival benefit from neoadjuvant platinum-based combination chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer? A secondary analysis of Southwest oncology group-directed intergroup study (s8710). BJU Int. 2011;108:693\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09900.x.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"6754_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.129","volume":"11","author":"W Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi W, Czerniak B, Ochoa A, Su X, Siefker-Radtke A, Dinney C, McConkey DJ. Intrinsic basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11:400\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2014.129.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"6754_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03424-1","volume":"12","author":"A Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu A, Wang X, Luo J, Zhou M, Yi R, Huang T, Lin J, Wu ZY, Xie C, Ding S, Zeng Y, Song Y. Overexpressed p75cux1 promotes Emt in glioma infiltration by activating \u03b2-catenin. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12:0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-021-03424-1.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"6754_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-12-0274","volume":"10","author":"G van der Horst","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Horst G, Bos L, van der Pluijm G. Epithelial plasticity, cancer stem cells, and the tumor-supportive stroma in bladder carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res. 2012;10:995\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-12-0274.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"6754_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.352","volume":"12","author":"R Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips R. Bladder cancer: stem cells repopulate tumours. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2014.352.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"6754_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904227106","volume":"106","author":"T Shibue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shibue T, Weinberg RA. Integrin \u03b2 1 -focal adhesion kinase signaling directs the proliferation of metastatic cancer cells disseminated in the lungs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:10290\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0904227106.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6754_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2021.1943707","volume":"25","author":"Y Abula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abula Y, Su Y, Tuniyazi D, Yi C. Desmoglein 3 contributes to tumorigenicity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through activating src-fak signaling. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul). 2021;25:195\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19768354.2021.1943707.","journal-title":"Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)"},{"key":"6754_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13177","volume":"16","author":"US Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad US, Parkinson EK, Wan H. Desmoglein-3 induces Yap phosphorylation and inactivation during collective migration of oral carcinoma cells. Mol Oncol. 2022;16:1625\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1878-0261.13177.","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"6754_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064088","volume":"8","author":"YJ Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen YJ, Lee LY, Chao YK, Chang JT, Lu YC, Li HF, Chiu C, Li YC, Li YL, Chiou JF, Cheng AJ. Dsg3 facilitates cancer cell growth and invasion through the dsg3-plakoglobin-tcf\/lef-myc\/cyclin d1\/mmp signaling pathway. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e64088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0064088.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6754_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232710","volume":"12","author":"H Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan H, Teh M, Mastroianni G, Ahmad US. Comparative transcriptome analysis identifies desmoglein-3 as a potential oncogene in oral cancer cells. Cells. 2023;12:2710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12232710.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"6754_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16172","volume":"25","author":"Y Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhang Z, Miao M, Kong C. The intracellular domain of unc5b facilities proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:2121\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.16172.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"6754_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915240","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.915240","volume":"12","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Shi J, Liu S, Huang Y, Ding H, Zhao B, Liu Y, Wang W, Yang J, Chen Z. Rac3 Inhibition induces autophagy to impair metastasis in bladder cancer cells via the pi3k\/akt\/mtor pathway. Front Oncol. 2022;12:915240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.915240.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"6754_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-024-05778-3","volume":"150","author":"Y Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng Y, Qian R, Cui D, Luan J, Xu M, Wang L, Li R, Wu X, Chang C. Mutant tp53 promotes invasion of lung cancer cells by regulating Desmoglein 3. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2024;150:312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-024-05778-3.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"6754_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.049","volume":"158","author":"KA Hoadley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoadley KA, Yau C, Wolf DM, Cherniack AD, Tamborero D, Ng S, Leiserson MDM, Niu B, McLellan MD, Uzunangelov V, Zhang J, Kandoth C, Akbani R, Shen H, Omberg L, Chu A, Margolin AA, van Veer T, Bigas LJ, Laird NL, Raphael PW, Li BJ, Robertson D, Byers AG, Mills LA, Weinstein GB, Van Waes JN, Chen C, Collisson Z, Benz EA, Perou SC, Stuart CM. Multiplatform analysis of 12 cancer types reveals molecular classification within and across tissues of origin. Cell. 2014;158:929\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.049.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6754_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091219","volume":"11","author":"LB Gatta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gatta LB, Melocchi L, Bugatti M, Missale F, Lonardi S, Zanetti B, Cristinelli L, Belotti S, Simeone C, Ronca R, Grillo E, Licini S, Bresciani D, Tardanico R, Chan SR, Giurisato E, Calza S, Vermi W. Hyper-activation of stat3 sustains progression of non-papillary basal-type bladder cancer via fosl1 regulome. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11:1219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11091219.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"6754_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-7-78","volume":"7","author":"C CL","year":"2008","unstructured":"CL C, C LCJKBH, FC C. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation is associated with bladder cancer cell growth and survival. Mol Cancer. 2008;7:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-4598-7-78.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"6754_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn086","volume":"104","author":"C RJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"RJ C, YS H, HR G, YJ W. Rapid activation of stat3 and erk1\/2 by nicotine modulates cell proliferation in human bladder cancer cells. Toxicol Sci. 2008;104:283\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn086.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"6754_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5447","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.473","volume":"34","author":"DZAHB SA","year":"2015","unstructured":"SA DZAHB, B WJSWZ, W WTIMAD, G G. Cytoplasmic p27 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis via stat3-mediated twist1 upregulation. Oncogene. 2015;34:5447\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2014.473.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"6754_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0725-z","volume":"34","author":"S HB","year":"2013","unstructured":"HB S, ZQ G. Cxcr4-mediated stat3 activation is essential for cxcl12-induced cell invasion in bladder cancer. Tumour Biology: J Int Soc Oncodevelopmental Biology Med. 2013;34:1839\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13277-013-0725-z.","journal-title":"Tumour Biology: J Int Soc Oncodevelopmental Biology Med"},{"key":"6754_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3195","volume":"72","author":"H PL","year":"2012","unstructured":"PL H, EJ L. Stat3 activation in urothelial stem cells leads to direct progression to invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2012;72:3135\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3195.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"6754_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19239","volume":"37","author":"J Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang J, Hu F, Mao L, Qiu Y, Jiang F, Wang Q, Abulikemu K, Hong Y, Ge X, Kang X. Interleukin-37 inhibits desmoglein\u20103 endocytosis and keratinocyte dissociation via upregulation of caveolin\u20101 and Inhibition of thestat3 pathway. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37:1920\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.19239.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"6754_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mao X, Cho MJT, Ellebrecht CT, Mukherjee EM, Payne AS. Stat3 regulates Desmoglein 3 transcription in epithelial keratinocytes. JCI Insight. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.92253.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92253"},{"key":"6754_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-023-00780-9","volume":"17","author":"J W","year":"2023","unstructured":"W J, W S, Z Y, C H, P J, Q S, L Y, W D, Z T. Pkc\u03b9 induces differential phosphorylation of stat3 to modify stat3-related signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal. 2023;17:1417\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12079-023-00780-9.","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"6754_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01563-4","volume":"17","author":"P Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song P, Gao Z, Bao Y, Chen L, Huang Y, Liu Y, Dong Q, Wei X. Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-024-01563-4.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"6754_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/505607","volume":"2011","author":"C Sutherland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sutherland C. What are Thebona fidegsk3 substrates? Int J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 2011;2011:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/505607.","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"6754_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.11.016","volume":"148","author":"E Beurel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beurel E, Grieco SF, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (gsk3): regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;148:114\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.11.016.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"6754_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85444","author":"M Gavagan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gavagan M, Jameson N, Zalatan JG. The Axin scaffold protects the kinase gsk3beta from cross-pathway Inhibition. Elife. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.85444.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"6754_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-00307-z","volume":"21","author":"JM Bugter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bugter JM, Fenderico N, Maurice MM. Mutations and mechanisms of Wnt pathway tumour suppressors in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21:5\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-020-00307-z.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"6754_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-00998-z","volume":"42","author":"J Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng J, Yang J, Xue K, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Song L, Wang Z. Desmoglein 3 Silencing inhibits inflammation and goblet cell mucin secretion in a mouse model of chronic rhinosinusitis via disruption of the wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway. Inflammation. 2019;42:1370\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-019-00998-z.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"6754_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.343","volume":"27","author":"A Jeanes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeanes A, Gottardi CJ, Yap AS. Cadherins and cancer: how does Cadherin dysfunction promote tumor progression? Oncogene. 2008;27:6920\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2008.343.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"6754_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.06.026","volume":"28","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang L, Qin Y, Liu S, Qiao Y, Wan X, Zeng H, Tang X, Liu M, Hou Y. Effects of differential distributed-jup on the malignancy of gastric cancer. J Adv Res. 2021;28:195\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2020.06.026.","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"6754_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.09.025","volume":"25","author":"D Swope","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swope D, Li J, Radice GL. Beyond cell adhesion: the role of armadillo proteins in the heart. Cell Signal. 2013;25:93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.09.025.","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"6754_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-18-1656","volume":"25","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Z, Xie R, Gu P, Huang M, Han J, Dong W, Xie W, Wang B, He W, Zhong G, Chen Z, Huang J, Lin T. Long noncoding Rna Lbcs inhibits self-renewal and chemoresistance of bladder cancer stem cells through epigenetic Silencing of sox2. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:1389\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-18-1656.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"6754_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwv088","volume":"26","author":"HY Kuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo HY, Hsu HT, Chen YC, Chang YW, Liu FT, Wu CW. Galectin-3 modulates the Egfr signalling-mediated regulation of sox2 expression via c-myc in lung cancer. Glycobiology. 2015;26:155\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/glycob\/cwv088.","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"6754_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Z, Yang Z, Liu W, Zhu W, Yin L, Han Z, Xian Y, Wen J, Tang H, Lin X, Yang Y, Wang J, Zhang K. Disheveled3 enhanced emt and cancer stem-like cells properties via wnt\/\u03b2-catenin\/c-myc\/sox2 pathway in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med. 2023;21:0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04120-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04120-8"},{"key":"6754_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-23983\/v1","volume":"0","author":"Q Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang Q, Chen J, Di Z, Yuan W, Zhou Z, Liu Z, Han S, Liu Y, Di M, Shu X. Tm4sf1 promotes Emt and cancer stemness via wnt\/\u03b2-catenin\/sox2 pathway in colorectal cancer. Res Square (Research Square). 2020;0:0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-23983\/v1.","journal-title":"Res Square (Research Square)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06754-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06754-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06754-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T09:47:04Z","timestamp":1751449624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06754-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06754-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Research and Clinical Trial Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China, (approval number: 2023-KY-1216-004). The animal study protocol was approved by the Life Science Ethics Review Committee of Zhengzhou University, (approval number: ZZUIRB2022-143). Patient\u2019s specimen and clinical case information were collected following the declaration of Helsinki and Istanbul. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants or legal guardians. The study was conducted with archived specimens.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All patient data were fully anonymized prior to analysis, and no individual identifiers were retained. Therefore, consent for publication was not required as per institutional guidelines and international ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"729"}}