{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:09:21Z","timestamp":1780445361954,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82300670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFS0288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFS0375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Science Research Project of Sichuan Province","award":["ZH2023-201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH2023-201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07241-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:25:46Z","timestamp":1761121546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging quantifies causal body compartment effects on metabolic traits via immune phenotypes\u2014a Mendelian randomisation study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-shu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7241_CR1","unstructured":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10258):1204-22."},{"issue":"9","key":"7241_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","volume":"7","author":"IJ Neeland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neeland IJ, Ross R, Despr\u00e9s JP, Matsuzawa Y, Yamashita S, Shai I, et al. Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(9):715\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"7241_CR3","first-page":"1785","volume":"26","author":"J Linge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Linge J, Borga M, West J, Tuthill T, Miller MR, Dumitriu A, et al. Body composition profiling in the UK biobank imaging Study. Obesity (Silver spring. Md). 2018;26(11):1785\u201395.","journal-title":"Md)"},{"issue":"7121","key":"7241_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","volume":"444","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"7241_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.55","volume":"6","author":"VZ Rocha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rocha VZ, Libby P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2009;6(6):399\u2013409.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Cardiol"},{"key":"7241_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo M, Zatterale F, Naderi J, Parrillo L, Formisano P, Raciti GA, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092358"},{"issue":"4","key":"7241_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","volume":"98","author":"MC Petersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Physiol Rev. 2018;98(4):2133\u2013223.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"7241_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oudbier SJ, Goh J, Looijaard S, Reijnierse EM, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the association between low skeletal muscle mass and cognitive Function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77(10):1959\u201368.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac121"},{"key":"7241_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucher J, Kleinridders A, Kahn CR. Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant States. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(1).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009191"},{"issue":"9","key":"7241_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.56","volume":"13","author":"RCR Meex","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meex RCR, Watt MJ. Hepatokines: linking nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Nat Reviews Endocrinol. 2017;13(9):509\u201320.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7241_CR11","first-page":"e00335","volume":"5","author":"A Vilalta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vilalta A, Guti\u00e9rrez JA, Chaves S, Hern\u00e1ndez M, Urbina S, Hompesch M, Endocrinology. Diabetes Metab. 2022;5(3):e00335.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"7241_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22962-x","volume":"8","author":"K Verboven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verboven K, Wouters K, Gaens K, Hansen D, Bijnen M, Wetzels S, et al. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipocyte size, lipolysis and inflammation relate to insulin resistance in male obese humans. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4677.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"7241_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13002","volume":"155","author":"L Russo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Russo L, Lumeng CN. Properties and functions of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity. Immunology. 2018;155(4):407\u201317.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"R1","key":"7241_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(R1):R89\u201398.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"7241_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to Understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7241_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.10.027","volume":"47","author":"C Zoccali","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zoccali C, Testa A, Spoto B, Tripepi G, Mallamaci F. Mendelian randomization: a new approach to studying epidemiology in ESRD. Am J Kidney Diseases: Official J Natl Kidney Foundation. 2006;47(2):332\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Diseases: Official J Natl Kidney Foundation"},{"key":"7241_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","volume":"362","author":"NM Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2018;362:k601.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"7241_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210394459","volume":"21","author":"TM Palmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Palmer TM, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sheehan NA, Tobias JH, Timpson NJ, et al. Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors. Stat Methods Med Res. 2012;21(3):223\u201342.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"7241_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent Estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304\u201314.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"7241_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15555.1","volume":"4","author":"S Burgess","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burgess S, Davey Smith G, Davies NM, Dudbridge F, Gill D, Glymour MM, et al. Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:186.","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"7241_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","volume":"32","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7241_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal Pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"7241_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson JR, Minelli C, Del Greco MF. Mendelian randomization using public data from genetic consortia. Int J Biostatistics. 2016;12(2).","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2015-0074"},{"key":"7241_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saitoh S, Van Wijk K, Nakajima O. Crosstalk between metabolic disorders and immune cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(18).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810017"},{"issue":"2","key":"7241_CR25","first-page":"763","volume":"68","author":"C Caussy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caussy C, Reeder SB, Sirlin CB, Loomba R, Noninvasive. Quantitative assessment of liver fat by MRI-PDFF as an endpoint in NASH Trials. Hepatology (Baltimore. Md). 2018;68(2):763\u201372.","journal-title":"Md)"},{"issue":"4","key":"7241_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.016","volume":"20","author":"K Imajo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Imajo K, Honda Y, Kobayashi T, Nagai K, Ozaki A, Iwaki M, et al. Direct comparison of US and MR elastography for staging liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatology: Official Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterological Association. 2022;20(4):908\u2013e1711.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatology: Official Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterological Association"},{"issue":"12","key":"7241_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13941","volume":"38","author":"C Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu C, Ma Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Tao L, Zheng D, et al. Visceral adiposity index as a predictor of NAFLD: A prospective study with 4-year follow-up. Liver International: Official J Int Association Study Liver. 2018;38(12):2294\u2013300.","journal-title":"Liver International: Official J Int Association Study Liver"},{"issue":"4","key":"7241_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179564","volume":"29","author":"JL Goldstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldstein JL, Brown MS. The LDL receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29(4):431\u20138.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7241_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0190-7","volume":"21","author":"J Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo J, Yang H, Song BL. Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(4):225\u201345.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"47","key":"7241_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab551","volume":"42","author":"HN Ginsberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ginsberg HN, Packard CJ, Chapman MJ, Bor\u00e9n J, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Averna M, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies-a consensus statement from the European atherosclerosis society. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(47):4791\u2013806.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"7241_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101238","volume":"50","author":"J Heeren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metabolism. 2021;50:101238.","journal-title":"Mol Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"7241_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.017","volume":"18","author":"S Nishimura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nishimura S, Manabe I, Takaki S, Nagasaki M, Otsu M, Yamashita H, et al. Adipose natural regulatory B cells negatively control adipose tissue inflammation. Cell Metabol. 2013;18(5):759\u201366.","journal-title":"Cell Metabol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7241_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312467","volume":"40","author":"P Srikakulapu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srikakulapu P, McNamara CA. B lymphocytes and adipose tissue inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(5):1110\u201322.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"7241_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476279","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/476279","volume":"2010","author":"MA Abdul-Ghani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:476279.","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"7241_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by which skeletal muscle myokines ameliorate insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094636"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07241-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07241-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07241-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:25:53Z","timestamp":1761121553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07241-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07241-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Since this study relied on publicly available summary statistics from GWAS, ethics approval was not required. The respective ethics approvals for the GWAS were obtained by the relevant investigators.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1158"}}