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Effective strategies for nerve regeneration remain a major clinical challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We engineered nanofibrous nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) composed of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which were fabricated by electrospinning and subsequently filled with a collagen hydrogel. CNTs were incorporated to improve the mechanical strength, physicochemical properties, and electrical conductivity, whereas EGCG had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The scaffold morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In vitro assays were used to assess mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) viability and morphology. Functional recovery was examined via sciatic nerve functional indices and gastrocnemius electromyography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 12\u2009weeks post-axotomy, stereological, immunohistochemical, MRI, and real-time PCR analyses of sciatic nerves and L4\u2013L5 dorsal root ganglia revealed significant upregulation of neuronal markers (MAP2, \u03b2-tubulin III, and neurofilament) and Schwann cell markers (S100, and NF-200), suggesting enhanced neuronal maturation and myelination. Compared with the control conditions, the composite conduits promoted improved motor function, nerve conduction velocity, and muscle preservation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PCL\/CNT\/EGCG nanofibrous conduits, combined with a collagen hydrogel provide a favorable microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration. This strategy has translational potential for improving outcomes following peripheral nerve injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07561-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T12:04:09Z","timestamp":1766491449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multifunctional electrospun PCL\/CNT\/EGCG nerve conduits with a collagen hydrogel for enhanced sciatic nerve regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Hasanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Fattahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Khalatbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedram","family":"Ebrahimnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narges","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mozhgan","family":"Abasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7561_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslantunali D, Dursun T, Yucel D, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. 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Malays J Med Health Sci. 2023."}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07561-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07561-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07561-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:39:51Z","timestamp":1781624391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07561-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07561-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, under protocol number IR.MAZUMS0.4.REC0.1402.18629, titled \u201cElectroconductive EGCG\/CNT-Loaded PCL Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration,\u201d issued on August 12, 2023.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"113"}}