{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:29:38Z","timestamp":1785439778819,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07825-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:45:44Z","timestamp":1771069544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes drive CD8+ T cell memory in convalescent and vaccinated individuals: implications for the design of next-generation vaccines and immunotherapeutics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Rafieiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giusto Davide","family":"Badami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Scichilone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Corrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Restivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo Massimo","family":"Farinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bottone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Pietra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriana","family":"Fallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Maria","family":"Aglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3327-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Pio","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Dieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba Shekarkar","family":"Azgomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Caccamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"7825_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1783198","volume":"57","author":"M Ciotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Terrinoni A, Jiang W-C, Wang C-B, Bernardini S. The COVID-19 pandemic. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(6):365\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408363.2020.1783198.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"7825_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-021-09226-z","volume":"69","author":"G Malipiero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malipiero G, Moratto A, Infantino M, D\u2019Agaro P, Piscianz E, Manfredi M, et al. Assessment of humoral and cellular immunity induced by the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthcare workers, elderly people, and immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune disease. Immunologic Res. 2021;69(6):576\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-021-09226-z.","journal-title":"Immunologic Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03382-y","volume":"20","author":"J Pl\u016bme","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pl\u016bme J, Galvanovskis A, \u0160mite S, Romanchikova N, Zayakin P, Lin\u0113 A. Early and strong antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 predict disease severity in COVID-19 patients. J Transl Med. 2022;20(1):176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-022-03382-y.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"7825_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01558-9","volume":"43","author":"D Gra\u00e7a","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gra\u00e7a D, Brglez V, Allouche J, Zorzi K, Fernandez C, Teisseyre M, et al. Both humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are essential to prevent infection: a prospective study in a working vaccinated population from southern France. J Clin Immunol. 2023;43(8):1724\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-023-01558-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02392-y","volume":"18","author":"G Salvatori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salvatori G, Luberto L, Maffei M, Aurisicchio L, Roscilli G, Palombo F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE PROTEIN: an optimal immunological target for vaccines. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02392-y.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33320-x","volume":"13","author":"AA Prather","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prather AA, Dutcher EG, Robinson J, Lin J, Blackburn E, Hecht FM, et al. Predictors of long-term neutralizing antibody titers following COVID-19 vaccination by three vaccine types: the BOOST study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):6505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-33320-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"7825_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.046","volume":"184","author":"S Weingarten-Gabbay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weingarten-Gabbay S, Klaeger S, Sarkizova S, Pearlman LR, Chen D-Y, Gallagher KME, et al. Profiling SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I peptidome reveals T cell epitopes from out-of-frame ORFs. Cell. 2021;184(15):3962\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.046.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101721-061120","volume":"41","author":"A Sette","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sette A, Sidney J, Crotty S. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. Annu Rev Immunol. 2023;41(1):343\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101721-061120.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"90","key":"7825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadh0687","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh0687","volume":"8","author":"C Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai C, Gao Y, Adamo S, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Hansson L, \u00d6sterborg A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination enhances the effector qualities of spike-specific T cells induced by COVID-19. Sci Immunol. 2023;8(90):eadh0687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh0687.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"7825_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"da Silva Antunes R, Fajardo-Rosas V, Yu ED, G\u00e1lvez, Abawi A, Escarrega EA, et al. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters. Cell Rep. 2025;44(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115907.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115907"},{"issue":"12","key":"7825_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02341-1","volume":"26","author":"de Los Rios Kobara I","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Los Rios Kobara I, Jayewickreme R, Lee MJ, Wilk AJ, Blomkalns AL, Nadeau KC, et al. Interferon-mediated NK cell activation increases cytolytic activity against T follicular helper cells and limits antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol. 2025;26(12):2201\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-025-02341-1.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04852-1","volume":"22","author":"E Vecchio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vecchio E, Rotundo S, Veneziano C, Abatino A, Aversa I, Gallo R, et al. The spike-specific TCR\u03b2 repertoire shows distinct features in unvaccinated or vaccinated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-04852-1.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02938-8","volume":"19","author":"E Petruccioli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petruccioli E, Najafi Fard S, Navarra A, Petrone L, Vanini V, Cuzzi G, et al. Exploratory analysis to identify the best antigen and the best immune biomarkers to study SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-021-02938-8.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"7825_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01256-y","volume":"42","author":"S Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta S, Agrawal S, Sandoval A, Su H, Tran M, Demirdag Y. SARS-CoV-2-Specific and functional cytotoxic CD8 cells in primary antibody deficiency: natural infection and response to vaccine. J Clin Immunol. 2022;42(5):914\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-022-01256-y.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7825_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00437-z","volume":"14","author":"M Lehmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lehmann M, Allers K, Heldt C, Meinhardt J, Schmidt F, Rodriguez-Sillke Y, et al. Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8+ T cells. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14(6):1381\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41385-021-00437-z.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05556-2","volume":"22","author":"R Alessandra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alessandra R, Sara C, Claudia P, Natasha G, Federica C, Chiara B, et al. Immune signature in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated aged people with COVID-19 pneumonia. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-05556-2.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"7825_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0782-6","volume":"21","author":"Y Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng Y, Mentzer AJ, Liu G, Yao X, Yin Z, Dong D, et al. Broad and strong memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19. Nat Immunol. 2020;21(11):1336\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-020-0782-6.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"7825_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kared H, Redd AD, Bloch EM, Bonny TS, Sumatoh H, Kairi F, et al. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals. The J Clin Investigation. 2021;131(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI145476.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145476"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00754-7","volume":"19","author":"L He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He L, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Yuan F, Li S. Single-cell analysis reveals cell communication triggered by macrophages associated with the reduction and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in COVID-19. Cell Commun Signaling. 2021;19(1):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-021-00754-7.","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signaling"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07076-z","volume":"23","author":"M Gan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gan M, Cao J, Ouyang Q, Xu X, Wang X, Dan P, et al. Extensive cross-reactive T cell epitopes across SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spikes with finite immune evasion mutations. J Transl Med. 2025;23(1):1027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07076-z.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"84","key":"7825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl8881","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl8881","volume":"8","author":"H Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang H, Sun H, Brackenridge S, Zhuang X, Wing PAC, Quastel M, et al. HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from convalescent COVID-19 patients suppress virus replication despite HLA class Ia down-regulation. Sci Immunol. 2023;8(84):eabl8881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl8881.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"7825_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.02.011","volume":"120","author":"EJ Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant EJ, Nguyen AT, Lobos CA, Szeto C, Chatzileontiadou DSM, Gras S. The unconventional role of HLA-E: the road less traveled. Mol Immunol. 2020;120:101\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.02.011.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"7825_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048719","volume":"50","author":"LC Walters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walters LC, McMichael AJ, Gillespie GM. Detailed and atypical HLA-E peptide binding motifs revealed by a novel peptide exchange binding assay. Eur J Immunol. 2020;50(12):2075\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.202048719.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7825_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192664","volume":"13","author":"MP La Manna","year":"2018","unstructured":"La Manna MP, Orlando V, Li Donni P, Sireci G, Di Carlo P, Cascio A, et al. Identification of plasma biomarkers for discrimination between tuberculosis infection\/disease and pulmonary non tuberculosis disease. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0192664.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"23","key":"7825_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024202118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024202118","volume":"118","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Huang F, Luo B, Yuan Y, et al. The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates immune evasion through down-regulating MHC-\u0399. Proc The Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(23):e2024202118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2024202118.","journal-title":"Proc The Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"7825_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malouli D, Taher H, Mansouri M, Iyer RF, Reed J, Papen C, et al. Human cytomegalovirus UL18 prevents priming of MHC-E- and MHC-II-restricted CD8+ T cells. Sci Immunol. 9(100):eadp5216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.adp5216.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adp5216"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03168-8","volume":"19","author":"C Montaldo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montaldo C, Messina F, Abbate I, Antonioli M, Bordoni V, Aiello A, et al. Multi-omics approach to COVID-19: a domain-based literature review. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-021-03168-8.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"7825_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv639","volume":"32","author":"M Andreatta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andreatta M, Nielsen M. Gapped sequence alignment using artificial neural networks: application to the MHC class I system. Bioinformatics. 2016;32(4):511\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv639.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"7825_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","volume":"182","author":"B Korber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, et al. Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus. Cell. 2020;182(4):812\u201327.e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"7825_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201445193","volume":"45","author":"N Caccamo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caccamo N, Pietra G, Sullivan LC, Brooks AG, Prezzemolo T, La Manna MP, et al. Human CD8 T lymphocytes recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens presented by HLA-E during active tuberculosis and express type 2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45(4):1069\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201445193.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"7825_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","volume":"22","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(9):1293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"7825_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.006","volume":"53","author":"AP Ferretti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferretti AP, Kula T, Wang Y, Nguyen DMV, Weinheimer A, Dunlap GS, et al. Unbiased screens show CD8+ T cells of COVID-19 patients recognize shared epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 that largely reside outside the spike protein. Immunity. 2020;53(5):1095\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.006.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"7825_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02515-5","volume":"18","author":"S Pisanti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pisanti S, Deelen J, Gallina AM, Caputo M, Citro M, Abate M, et al. Correlation of the two most frequent HLA haplotypes in the Italian population to the differential regional incidence of covid-19. J Transl Med. 2020;18:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02515-5.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010052","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yang L, Tang K, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, et al. Ad5-nCoV vaccination could induce HLA-E restricted CD8+ T cell responses specific for epitopes on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein. Viruses. 2023;16(1):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16010052.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"7825_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16895","volume":"190","author":"N Caccamo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caccamo N, Sullivan LC, Brooks AG, Dieli F. Harnessing HLA-E-restricted CD8 T lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy of patients with severe COVID-19. Br J Haematol. 2020;190(4):e185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.16895.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"10","key":"7825_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03125-1","volume":"11","author":"A Sacchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacchi A, Grassi G, Bordoni V, Lorenzini P, Cimini E, Casetti R, et al. Early expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibits SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response and may predict fatal COVID-19 outcome. Cell Death Disease. 2020;11(10):921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-020-03125-1.","journal-title":"Cell Death Disease"},{"key":"7825_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289212","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1289212","volume":"14","author":"GD Badami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Badami GD, La Manna MP, Di Carlo P, Stanek O, Linhartova I, Caccamo N, et al. Delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitopes by bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxoid expands HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1289212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1289212.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7825_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747184","volume":"48","author":"T Prezzemolo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prezzemolo T, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KLMC, Caccamo N, Dieli F, Ottenhoff THM, et al. Detailed characterization of human Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific HLA-E restricted CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2018;48(2):293\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201747184.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0819-7","volume":"14","author":"S Fresnay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fresnay S, McArthur MA, Magder L, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, et al. Salmonella Typhi-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in protection from typhoid fever in humans. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-016-0819-7.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7825_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2023.02.004","volume":"4","author":"SC Moore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore SC, Kronsteiner B, Longet S, Adele S, Deeks AS, Liu C, et al. Evolution of long-term vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity in healthcare workers after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens. Med. 2023;4(3):191\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medj.2023.02.004.","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"7825_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0","volume":"19","author":"WT Harvey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, Gupta RK, Thomson EC, Harrison EM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(7):409\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7825_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22811-y","volume":"12","author":"A Gangaev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gangaev A, Ketelaars SLC, Isaeva OI, Patiwael S, Dopler A, Hoefakker K, et al. Identification and characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ T cell response with immunodominant features. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22811-y.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"7825_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.015","volume":"185","author":"A Tarke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarke A, Coelho CH, Zhang Z, Dan JM, Yu ED, Methot N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from Alpha to Omicron. Cell. 2022;185(5):847\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.015.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6572","key":"7825_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"abm0829","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829","volume":"374","author":"RR Goel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goel RR, Painter MM, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, et al. mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Science. 2021;374(6572):abm0829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abm0829.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"66","key":"7825_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl5344","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl5344","volume":"6","author":"G Guerrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerrera G, Picozza M, D\u2019Orso S, Placido R, Pirronello M, Verdiani A, et al. BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(66):eabl5344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl5344.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"6566","key":"7825_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabj9853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj9853","volume":"374","author":"J Mateus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mateus J, Dan JM, Zhang Z, Rydyznski Moderbacher C, Lammers M, Goodwin B, et al. Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells. Science. 2021;374(6566):eabj9853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abj9853.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"14","key":"7825_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.022","volume":"185","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Mateus J, Coelho CH, Dan JM, Moderbacher CR, G\u00e1lvez RI, et al. Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines. Cell. 2022;185(14):2434\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.022.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"7825_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099246","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099246","volume":"14","author":"M Belik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belik M, Liedes O, Vara S, Haveri A, P\u00f6ysti S, Kolehmainen P, et al. Persistent T cell-mediated immune responses against Omicron variants after the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1099246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099246.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"7825_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juhl AK, Dietz LL, S\u00f8gaard OS, Reekie J, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 T-Cell immunity over 2 years following vaccination and infection. The J Infect Dis. 2024;jiae215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae215.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae215"},{"issue":"5","key":"7825_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00801-5","volume":"23","author":"N Bobrovitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bobrovitz N, Ware H, Ma X, Li Z, Hosseini R, Cao C, et al. Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant and severe disease: a systematic review and meta-regression. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(5):556\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00801-5.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7825_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reilly SP, Smith ML, Borys SM, Fug\u00e8re C, Demers D, Hogan MJ, et al. Unconventional CD8+ T cell surveillance of cytomegalovirus via Qa-1\/HLA-E-restricted epitope recognition. Sci Adv. 11(51):eaea8707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea8707.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea8707"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07825-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07825-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07825-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T01:05:55Z","timestamp":1771549555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07825-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07825-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethical Committee of the A.O.U.P. \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d Hospital (protocol code 09\/2021). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors have approved this manuscript for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication:"}},{"value":"Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi, Marco Pio La Manna, Nadia Caccamo, and Francesco Dieli are inventors on patent application WO\/2023\/180966 submitted by the University of Palermo entitled \u201cPeptides for the preparation of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2\u201d.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"280"}}