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The NIR-II offers advantages for fluorescence-guided resection of CRC and metastatic LNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IFITM1 expression in CRC was analysed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Clinical tumour specimens were assessed by immunohistochemistry to confirm IFITM1 expression in patients with CRC. An IFITM1\u2013IRDye800CW (IFITM1-800CW) NIR-II fluorescent probe was constructed. It\u2019s in vivo performance was evaluated in subcutaneous CRC xenografts, orthotopic implantation models, and orthotopic LN metastasis models. Surgically resected human CRC specimens were also incubated with the probe to evaluate its clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TCGA and tissue analyses showed significantly higher IFITM1 expression in CRC compared with normal tissues (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090\u00b7001). After intravenous injection of IFITM1-800CW, tumour fluorescence signals appeared at 6\u00a0h and peaked within 24\u00a0h across all mouse models, enabling robust CRC and LN visualisation. This approach permitted in situ detection of tumours and metastatic LNs as small as 1\u00a0mm. In ex vivo human samples, IFITM1-800CW produced significantly higher fluorescence intensity in CRC tissues than in normal or adjacent tissues (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090\u00b70001), and allowed identification of tumour margins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IFITM1 is differentially expressed in CRC and represents a promising imaging target. IFITM1-800CW enables sensitive detection of CRC and metastatic LNs, enabling supporting complete tumour resection under NIR-II fluorescence guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07938-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:19:39Z","timestamp":1774343979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IFITM1-targeted NIR-II fluorescence imaging enables visualisation of colorectal cancer and metastatic lymph nodes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shangkun","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruirong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enhao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruru","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunkang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7938_CR1","first-page":"209","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, et al. 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The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fujian Cancer Hospital (SQ2021-172-01). All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fujian Medical University (IACUC FJMU 2024-Y-1487).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The main data supporting the results of this study are available in the paper and its supplementary materials. The raw near-infrared fluorescence images can be obtained after asking the corresponding authors and clarifying the purpose of use.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data sharing statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"618"}}