{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:12:10Z","timestamp":1778595130324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003454","name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Health Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z-A20241044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-A20241044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003454","name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Health Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z20210019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z20210019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003454","name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Health Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z-A20240946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-A20240946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012547","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024GXNSFBA010112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFBA010112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07988-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:47:40Z","timestamp":1773240460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-omics analysis reveals the association of cesarean delivery with altered gut microbial profiles and a Th2-biased immune response in neonates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5458-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhui","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingfang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenglin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5681-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"7988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","volume":"107","author":"MG Dominguez-Bello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:11971\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"7988_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.05.002","volume":"20","author":"YE Borre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borre YE, O\u2019Keeffe GW, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20:509\u201318.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"7988_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00036","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","volume":"81","author":"C Milani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F, Mahony J, Belzer C, Delgado Palacio S, Arboleya Montes S, Mancabelli L, et al. The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2017;81:e00036\u201317.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"7988_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06797-5","volume":"23","author":"H Soleimani Samarkhazan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soleimani Samarkhazan H, Nouri S, Maleknia M, Aghaei M. The microbiome in graft-versus-host disease: a tale of two ecosystems. J Transl Med. 2025;23:832.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"7988_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01333-3","volume":"22","author":"JC Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park JC, Chang L, Kwon HK, Im SH. Beyond the gut: decoding the gut-immune-brain axis in health and disease. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22:1287\u2013312.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"7988_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","volume":"9","author":"JS Loh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loh JS, Mak WQ, Tan L, Ng CX, Chan HH, Yeow SH, Foo JB, Ong YS, How CW, Khaw KY. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:37.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"7988_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2212548119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212548119","volume":"119","author":"C Tabilas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabilas C, Iu DS, Daly C, Yee Mon KJ, Reynaldi A, Wesnak SP, Grenier JK, Davenport MP, Smith NL, Grimson A, et al. Early microbial exposure shapes adult immunity by altering CD8\u2009+\u2009T cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119:e2212548119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"7988_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.011","volume":"139","author":"T Gensollen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gensollen T, Blumberg RS. Correlation between early-life regulation of the immune system by microbiota and allergy development. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:1084\u201391.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"7988_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8162","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158162","volume":"22","author":"B Phillips-Farf\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phillips-Farf\u00e1n B, G\u00f3mez-Ch\u00e1vez F, Medina-Torres EA, Vargas-Villavicencio JA, Carvajal-Aguilera K, Camacho L. Microbiota Signals during the Neonatal Period Forge Life-Long Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:8162.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"7988_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07631-x","volume":"9","author":"L Wampach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wampach L, Heintz-Buschart A, Fritz JV, Ramiro-Garcia J, Habier J, Herold M, Narayanasamy S, Kaysen A, Hogan AH, Bindl L, et al. Birth mode is associated with earliest strain-conferred gut microbiome functions and immunostimulatory potential. Nat Commun. 2018;9:5091.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"7988_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021055","volume":"25","author":"F Inchingolo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Inchingolo F, Inchingolo AD, Palumbo I, Trilli I, Guglielmo M, Mancini A, Palermo A, Inchingolo AM, Dipalma G. The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:1055.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"7988_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.08.028","volume":"18","author":"L Mancabelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mancabelli L, Tarracchini C, Milani C, Lugli GA, Fontana F, Turroni F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Multi-population cohort meta-analysis of human intestinal microbiota in early life reveals the existence of infant community state types (ICSTs). Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2020;18:2480\u201393.","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"7988_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1784725","volume":"14","author":"IJ O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill IJ, Sanchez Gallardo R, Saldova R, Murphy EF, Cotter PD, McAuliffe FM, van Sinderen D. Maternal and infant factors that shape neonatal gut colonization by bacteria. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;14:651\u201364.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"7988_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00940-8","volume":"8","author":"M Selma-Royo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selma-Royo M, Calatayud Arroyo M, Garc\u00eda-Mantrana I, Parra-Llorca A, Escuriet R, Mart\u00ednez-Costa C, Collado MC. Perinatal environment shapes microbiota colonization and infant growth: impact on host response and intestinal function. Microbiome. 2020;8:167.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"6","key":"7988_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005671","volume":"6","author":"AP Betran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Betran AP, Ye J, Moller AB, Souza JP, Zhang J. Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(6):e005671.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7988_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.029","volume":"153","author":"MC Toll\u00e5nes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toll\u00e5nes MC, Moster D, Daltveit AK, Irgens LM. Cesarean section and risk of severe childhood asthma: a population-based cohort study. J Pediatr. 2008;153(1):112\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"7988_CR17","first-page":"19","volume":"28","author":"MM Gr\u00f6nlund","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;28(1):19\u201325.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"7988_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103128","volume":"12","author":"J Hurkala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hurkala J, Lauterbach R, Radziszewska R, Strus M, Heczko P. Effect of a Short-Time Probiotic Supplementation on the Abundance of the Main Constituents of the Gut Microbiota of Term Newborns Delivered by Cesarean Section-A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12:3128.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"7988_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710559","volume":"38","author":"W Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang W, Tian L, Luo J, Yu J. Ongoing Supplementation of Probiotics to Cesarean-Born Neonates during the First Month of Life may Impact the Gut Microbial. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38:1181\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"7988_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020148","volume":"13","author":"YY Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen YY, Tun HM, Field CJ, Mandhane PJ, Moraes TJ, Simons E, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Impact of Cesarean Delivery and Breastfeeding on Secretory Immunoglobulin A in the Infant Gut Is Mediated by Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Metabolites. 2023;13:148.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"7988_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34155-2","volume":"13","author":"EM de Koff","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Koff EM, van Baarle D, van Houten MA, Reyman M, Berbers G, van den Ham F, Chu M, Sanders E, Bogaert D, Fuentes S. Mode of delivery modulates the intestinal microbiota and impacts the response to vaccination. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6638.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"7988_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020294","volume":"11","author":"C Campbell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Campbell C, Kandalgaonkar MR, Golonka RM, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M, Saha P. Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Host Immunity: Impact on Inflammation and Immunotherapy. Biomedicines. 2023;11:294.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"7988_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou L, Qiu W, Wang J, Zhao A, Zhou C, Sun T, Xiong Z, Cao P, Shen W, Chen J et al. Effects of vaginal microbiota transfer on the neurodevelopment and microbiome of cesarean-born infants: a blinded randomized controlled trial. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31:1232-47.e5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.022"},{"key":"7988_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01041-3","volume":"22","author":"A Metwaly","year":"2025","unstructured":"Metwaly A, Kriaa A, Hassani Z, Carraturo F, Druart C, Consortium IHMCSA, Arnauts K, Wilmes P, Walter J, Rosshart S, et al. A Consensus Statement on establishing causality, therapeutic applications and the use of preclinical models in microbiome research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;22:343\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"7988_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062008","volume":"203","author":"Q Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Q, McLoughlin RM, Cobb BA, Charrel-Dennis M, Zaleski KJ, Golenbock D, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. A bacterial carbohydrate links innate and adaptive responses through Toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med. 2006;203:2853\u201363.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"7988_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68599-x","volume":"14","author":"C Lai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lai C, Huang L, Wang Y, Huang C, Luo Y, Qin X, Zeng J. Effect of different delivery modes on intestinal microbiota and immune function of neonates. Sci Rep. 2024;14:17452.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7988_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020423","volume":"13","author":"A Ratsika","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ratsika A, Codagnone MC, O\u2019Mahony S, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients. 2021;13:423.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"7988_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1900996","volume":"13","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Zeng S, Egan M, Cherry P, Strain C, Morais E, Boyaval P, Ryan CA, Dempsey M, Ross E. Metagenomic analysis of mother-infant gut microbiome reveals global distinct and shared microbial signatures. Gut Microbes. 2021;13:1\u201324.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"7988_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z, Wang J, Chen Y, Chen T, Shen Z, Wang Y, Jian Y, Xiang G, Ma X, Zhao N et al. Veillonella intestinal colonization promotes C. difficile infection in Crohn\u2019s disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2025;33:1518-34.e10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.07.019"},{"key":"7988_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03669-0","volume":"20","author":"L Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao L, Wang C, Peng S, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhao G, Zhang T, Heng X, et al. Pivotal interplays between fecal metabolome and gut microbiome reveal functional signatures in cerebral ischemic stroke. J Transl Med. 2022;20:459.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"7988_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1747329","volume":"11","author":"Z Dan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dan Z, Mao X, Liu Q, Guo M, Zhuang Y, Liu Z, Chen K, Chen J, Xu R, Tang J, et al. Altered gut microbial profile is associated with abnormal metabolism activity of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Gut Microbes. 2020;11:1246\u201367.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6","key":"7988_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2024.2395274","volume":"43","author":"M Tolomeo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tolomeo M, Cascio A. STAT4 and STAT6, their role in cellular and humoral immunity and in diverse human diseases. Int Rev Immunol. 2024;43(6):394\u2013418.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7988_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13508","volume":"1417","author":"KM Felix","year":"2018","unstructured":"Felix KM, Tahsin S, Wu HJ. Host-microbiota interplay in mediating immune disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1417(1):57\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"7988_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01804-9","volume":"9","author":"Y Shao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shao Y, Garcia-Mauri\u00f1o C, Clare S, et al. Primary succession of Bifidobacteria drives pathogen resistance in neonatal microbiota assembly. Nat Microbiol. 2024;9(10):2570\u201382.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"7988_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061236","volume":"13","author":"P LaPoint","year":"2025","unstructured":"LaPoint P, Banks K, Bacorn M, Prasad R, Romero-Soto HN, Namasivayam S, Chen Q, Patel A, Levy S, Hourigan SK. Can Vaginal Seeding at Birth Improve Health Outcomes of Cesarean Section-Delivered Infants? A Scoping Review. Microorganisms. 2025;13:1236.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"7988_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-025-01571-8","volume":"79","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wopereis H, Kakourou A, Liu M, Wu J, Li Z, Zhang L, Tan M, Low J, Liu M, et al. Restoration of gut microbiota with a specific synbiotic-containing infant formula in healthy Chinese infants born by cesarean section. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2025;79:567\u201375.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"7988_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1848158","volume":"13","author":"H Zafar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zafar H, Saier MH Jr. Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease. Gut Microbes. 2021;13:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6","key":"7988_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0135-7","volume":"50","author":"J Zierer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zierer J, Jackson MA, Kastenm\u00fcller G, et al. The fecal metabolome as a functional readout of the gut microbiome. Nat Genet. 2018;50(6):790\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"7988_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3390\/met12071083","volume":"12","author":"S Kotlyarov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Clinical Significance of Lipid Transport Function of ABC Transporters in the Innate Immune System. Membr (Basel). 2022;12:1083.","journal-title":"Membr (Basel)"},{"key":"7988_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01137-3","volume":"9","author":"SE Foley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foley SE, Tuohy C, Dunford M, Grey MJ, De Luca H, Cawley C, Szabady RL, Maldonado-Contreras A, Houghton JM, Ward DV, et al. Gut microbiota regulation of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal epithelium in maintenance of homeostasis. Microbiome. 2021;9:183.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"7988_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199322","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01993-22","volume":"13","author":"SE Foley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foley SE, Dente MJ, Lei X, Sallis BF, Loew EB, Meza-Segura M, Fitzgerald KA, McCormick BA. Microbial Metabolites Orchestrate a Distinct Multi-Tiered Regulatory Network in the Intestinal Epithelium That Directs P-Glycoprotein Expression. mBio. 2022;13:e0199322.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"7988_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01152.x","volume":"249","author":"AT Waickman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waickman AT, Powell JD. mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T-cell differentiation and function. Immunol Rev. 2012;249:43\u201358.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"7988_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100369","volume":"26","author":"Z Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Z, Xu Z, Zong M, Fan L. Metabolic regulation of Th17 and Treg cell balance by the mTOR signaling. Metabol Open. 2025;26:100369.","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"7988_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303249","volume":"63","author":"HE Jakobsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jakobsson HE, Abrahamsson TR, Jenmalm MC, et al. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut. 2014;63(4):559\u201366.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"7988_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556813","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.556813","volume":"11","author":"CA Alvarez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvarez CA, Jones MB, Hambor J, Cobb BA. Characterization of Polysaccharide A Response Reveals Interferon Responsive Gene Signature and Immunomodulatory Marker Expression. Front Immunol. 2020;11:556813.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"7988_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyoshi J, Miyoshi S, Delmont TO, Cham C, Lee S, Sakatani A, Yang K, Shan Y, Kennedy M, Kiefl E et al. Early-life microbial restitution reduces colitis risk promoted by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis in interleukin 10(-\/-) mice. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:940\u2009\u2013\u200952.e15.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.05.054"},{"key":"7988_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01261-2","volume":"22","author":"I Ogulur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogulur I, Mitamura Y, Yazici D, Pat Y, Ardicli S, Li M, D\u2019Avino P, Beha C, Babayev H, Zhao B, et al. Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22:211\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"7988_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105850","volume":"118","author":"K Rio-Aige","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rio-Aige K, Selma-Royo M, Cabrera-Rubio R, Gonz\u00e1lez S, Mart\u00ednez-Costa C, Castell M, Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas MJ, Collado MC, P\u00e9rez-Cano FJ. Maternal diet shapes infant microbiota and defensive capacity against infections in early life via differential human milk composition. EBioMedicine. 2025;118:105850.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"7988_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.162","volume":"77","author":"S Unger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unger S, Stintzi A, Shah P, Mack D, O\u2019Connor DL. Gut microbiota of the very-low-birth-weight infant. Pediatr Res. 2015;77:205\u201313.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"7988_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelsey C, Moulder R, Yancey H, Prescott S, McCulloch JA, Trinchieri G, Dreisbach C, Alhusen J, Grossmann T. Bidirectional relations between the maternal and infant gut microbiome and behavior. Pediatr Res. 2025.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04630-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07988-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07988-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07988-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1778591331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07988-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07988-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Nanning People\u2019s Hospital (Approval No. Y2024126). All participants enrolled in the study provided parental or guardian consent, as well as signed informed consent forms. The study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the\n                      Declaration of Helsinki\n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approved it for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that no competing interests exist.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"545"}}