{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:27:25Z","timestamp":1787034445986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-08466-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:52:20Z","timestamp":1782154340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LAK to CIK continuum in glioma immunotherapy: a systematic review of efficacy and safety outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soroush","family":"Morsali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parna","family":"Ghannadikhosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afra","family":"Darvishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina Afrashteh","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Zafarabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrab","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Doustvandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0044-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leili","family":"Aghebati-Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"8466_CR1","first-page":"3425","volume":"11","author":"T Pienkowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pienkowski T, Kowalczyk T, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. A review of gliomas-related proteins. Characteristics of potential biomarkers. Am J Cancer Res. 2021;11(7):3425\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"8466_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105780","volume":"171","author":"W Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu W, Klockow JL, Zhang M, Lafortune F, Chang E, Jin L, et al. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance. Pharmacol Res. 2021;171:105780.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"8466_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sareen H, Ma Y, Becker TM, Roberts TL, de Souza P, Powter B. Molecular biomarkers in glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168835"},{"key":"8466_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omuro A, DeAngelis LM. Glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas: a clinical review. JAMA. 2013;310(17).","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280319"},{"key":"8466_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107922","volume":"228","author":"F Lang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lang F, Liu Y, Chou FJ, Yang C. Genotoxic therapy and resistance mechanism in gliomas. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;228:107922.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"8466_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0166","volume":"15","author":"LB Nabors","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nabors LB, Portnow J, Ammirati M, Baehring J, Brem H, Butowski N, et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 1.2017. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(11):1331\u201345.","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2022.0267","volume":"66","author":"WS Yoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoon WS, Chung DS, Advanced T. Natural Killer Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2023;66(4):356\u201381.","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199215","volume":"29","author":"AS Chong","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chong AS, Aleksijevic A, Scuderi P, Hersh EM, Grimes WJ. Phenotypic and functional analysis of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell clones. Ability of CD3+, LAK cell clones to produce interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor upon stimulation with tumor targets. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1989;29(4):270\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777046","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1777046","volume":"9","author":"R Sommaggio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sommaggio R, Cappuzzello E, Dalla Piet\u00e0 A, Tosi A, Palmerini P, Carpanese D, et al. Adoptive cell therapy of triple negative breast cancer with redirected cytokine-induced killer cells. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1777046.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR10","first-page":"599","volume":"62","author":"Y Su","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su Y, Yang Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Rao W, Yang G, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Dendritic Cells Co-Cultured with Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Therapy in Combination with TACE-Predominant Minimally-Invasive Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Meta-Analysis. Clin Lab. 2016;62(4):599\u2013608.","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR11","first-page":"33","volume":"25","author":"J Jin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jin J, Joo KM, Lee SJ, Jo MY, Kim Y, Jin Y, et al. Synergistic therapeutic effects of cytokine-induced killer cells and temozolomide against glioblastoma. Oncol Rep. 2011;25(1):33\u20139.","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"8466_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4233","volume":"34","author":"P Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma P, He Q, Li W, Li X, Han H, Jin M, et al. Anti-CD3 x EGFR bispecific antibody redirects cytokine-induced killer cells to glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep. 2015;34(5):2567\u201375.","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12273","volume":"8","author":"DS Kong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kong DS, Nam DH, Kang SH, Lee JW, Chang JH, Kim JH, et al. Phase III randomized trial of autologous cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma in Korea. Oncotarget. 2017;8(4):7003\u201313.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"5","key":"8466_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2017-0003","volume":"9","author":"JI Ryu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryu JI, Han MH, Cheong JH, Kim JM, Kim CH. Current update of adoptive immunotherapy using cytokine-induced killer cells to eliminate malignant gliomas. Immunotherapy. 2017;9(5):411\u201321.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"8466_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","volume":"22","author":"TH Barker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barker TH, Habibi N, Aromataris E, Stone JC, Leonardi-Bee J, Sears K, et al. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies. JBI Evid Synth. 2024;22(3):378\u201388.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","volume":"21","author":"TH Barker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barker TH, Stone JC, Sears K, Klugar M, Tufanaru C, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. JBI Evid Synth. 2023;21(3):494\u2013506.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"8466_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851628","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.851628","volume":"12","author":"MH Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han MH, Kim JM, Cheong JH, Ryu JI, Won YD, Nam GH, et al. Efficacy of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Immunotherapy for Patients With Pathologically Pure Glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2022;12:851628.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-024-00676-2","volume":"25","author":"H Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan H, He Z, Chen Z, Chen Y, Hu W, Sai K, et al. Long-term survival after local immunotherapy for malignant gliomas: a retrospective study with 20 years follow-up. BMC Immunol. 2024;25(1):83.","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8466_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.5.0743","volume":"64","author":"SK Jacobs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacobs SK, Wilson DJ, Kornblith PL, Grimm EA. Interleukin-2 and autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells in the treatment of malignant glioma. Preliminary report. J Neurosurg. 1986;64(5):743\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"8466_CR21","first-page":"2101","volume":"46","author":"SK Jacobs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacobs SK, Wilson DJ, Kornblith PL, Grimm EA. Interleukin-2 or autologous lymphokine-activated killer cell treatment of malignant glioma: phase I trial. Cancer Res. 1986;46(4 Pt 2):2101\u20134.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8466_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1986.11739735","volume":"8","author":"SK Jacobs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacobs SK, Wilson DJ, Melin G, Parham CW, Holcomb B, Kornblith PL, et al. Interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells in the treatment of malignant glioma: clinical and experimental studies. Neurol Res. 1986;8(2):81\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00195603","volume":"4","author":"T Kitahara","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kitahara T, Watanabe O, Yamaura A, Makino H, Watanabe T, Suzuki G, et al. Establishment of interleukin 2 dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell line specific for autologous brain tumor and its intracranial administration for therapy of the tumor. J Neurooncol. 1987;4(4):329\u201336.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8466_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198812000-00007","volume":"23","author":"RE Merchant","year":"1988","unstructured":"Merchant RE, Merchant LH, Cook SH, McVicar DW, Young HF. Intralesional infusion of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) for the treatment of patients with malignant brain tumor. Neurosurgery. 1988;23(6):725\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880815)62:4<665::AID-CNCR2820620403>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"62","author":"RE Merchant","year":"1988","unstructured":"Merchant RE, Grant AJ, Merchant LH, Young HF. Adoptive immunotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme using lymphokine activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2. Cancer. 1988;62(4):665\u201371.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"8466_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.2.0175","volume":"70","author":"D Barba","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barba D, Saris SC, Holder C, Rosenberg SA, Oldfield EH. Intratumoral LAK cell and interleukin-2 therapy of human gliomas. J Neurosurg. 1989;70(2):175\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"17","key":"8466_CR27","first-page":"5011","volume":"48","author":"S Yoshida","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yoshida S, Tanaka R, Takai N, Ono K. Local administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2 to patients with malignant brain tumors. Cancer Res. 1988;48(17):5011\u20136.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"8686","key":"8466_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90205-J","volume":"335","author":"T Nitta","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nitta T, Sato K, Yagita H, Okumura K, Ishii S. Preliminary trial of specific targeting therapy against malignant glioma. Lancet. 1990;335(8686):368\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-5868(94)90067-1","volume":"1","author":"M Hishii","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hishii M, Nitta T, Ebato M, Okumura K, Sato K. Targeting therapy for glioma by LAK cells coupled with bispecific antibodies. J Clin Neurosci. 1994;1(4):261\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199101000-00003","volume":"28","author":"KO Lillehei","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lillehei KO, Mitchell DH, Johnson SD, McCleary EL, Kruse CA. Long-term follow-up of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas treated with adjuvant adoptive immunotherapy. Neurosurgery. 1991;28(1):16\u201323.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01533386","volume":"39","author":"A Boiardi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Boiardi A, Silvani A, Ruffini PA, Rivoltini L, Parmiani G, Broggi G, et al. Loco-regional immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2 and adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells (A-LAK) in recurrent glioblastoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1994;39(3):193\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.35.22","volume":"35","author":"K Nakagawa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nakagawa K, Kamezaki T, Shibata Y, Tsunoda T, Meguro K, Nose T. Effect of lymphokine-activated killer cells with or without radiation therapy against malignant brain tumors. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1995;35(1):22\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"5","key":"8466_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950901)76:5<840::AID-CNCR2820760519>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"76","author":"RL Hayes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hayes RL, Koslow M, Hiesiger EM, Hymes KB, Hochster HS, Moore EJ, et al. Improved long term survival after intracavitary interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells for adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Cancer. 1995;76(5):840\u201352.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"8466_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177476","volume":"27","author":"SK Sankhla","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sankhla SK, Nadkarni JS, Bhagwati SN. Adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and interleukin-2 for recurrent malignant primary brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1996;27(2):133\u201340.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8466_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(01)00122-6","volume":"39","author":"RL Hayes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hayes RL, Arbit E, Odaimi M, Pannullo S, Scheff R, Kravchinskiy D, et al. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2001;39(1\u20132):31\u201342.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8466_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200409000-00009","volume":"27","author":"RO Dillman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dillman RO, Duma CM, Schiltz PM, DePriest C, Ellis RA, Okamoto K, et al. Intracavitary placement of autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells after resection of recurrent glioblastoma. J Immunother. 2004;27(5):398\u2013404.","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"issue":"9","key":"8466_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3181b2910f","volume":"32","author":"RO Dillman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dillman RO, Duma CM, Ellis RA, Cornforth AN, Schiltz PM, Sharp SL, et al. Intralesional lymphokine-activated killer cells as adjuvant therapy for primary glioblastoma. J Immunother. 2009;32(9):914\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03483-y","volume":"151","author":"MM Grabowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grabowski MM, Sankey EW, Ryan KJ, Chongsathidkiet P, Lorrey SJ, Wilkinson DS, et al. Immune suppression in gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2021;151(1):3\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8466_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138760","volume":"130","author":"CL Maire","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maire CL, Mohme M, Bockmayr M, Fita KD, Riecken K, B\u00f6rnigen D, et al. Glioma escape signature and clonal development under immune pressure. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(10):5257\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"8466_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.1373","volume":"2","author":"TJ Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown TJ, Brennan MC, Li M, Church EW, Brandmeir NJ, Rakszawski KL, et al. Association of the Extent of Resection With Survival in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(11):1460\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"8466_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01345","volume":"9","author":"HN Haspels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haspels HN, Rahman MA, Joseph JV, Gras Navarro A, Chekenya M. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells Are More Susceptible Than Differentiated Cells to Natural Killer Cell Lysis Mediated Through Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors-Human Leukocyte Antigen Ligand Mismatch and Activation Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1345.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6230","key":"8466_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4967","volume":"348","author":"SA Rosenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. Science. 2015;348(6230):62\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.12.002","volume":"54","author":"PJ Bergman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergman PJ. Cancer Immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2024;54(3):441\u201368.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR44","first-page":"267","volume":"865","author":"EA Grimm","year":"1986","unstructured":"Grimm EA. Human lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells) as a potential immunotherapeutic modality. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986;865(3):267\u201379.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.4.486","volume":"7","author":"KA Margolin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Margolin KA, Rayner AA, Hawkins MJ, Atkins MB, Dutcher JP, Fisher RI, et al. Interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy of solid tumors: analysis of toxicity and management guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(4):486\u201398.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"8466_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00275","volume":"3","author":"K Bielamowicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bielamowicz K, Khawja S, Ahmed N. Adoptive cell therapies for glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2013;3:275.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.1.139","volume":"174","author":"IG Schmidt-Wolf","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schmidt-Wolf IG, Negrin RS, Kiem HP, Blume KG, Weissman IL. Use of a SCID mouse\/human lymphoma model to evaluate cytokine-induced killer cells with potent antitumor cell activity. J Exp Med. 1991;174(1):139\u201349.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-015-0002-1","volume":"34","author":"Y Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo Y, Han W. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells: from basic research to clinical translation. Chin J Cancer. 2015;34(3):99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03869-z","volume":"15","author":"F Ghanbari Sevari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghanbari Sevari F, Mehdizadeh A, Abbasi K, Hejazian SS, Raeisi M. Cytokine-induced killer cells: new insights for therapy of hematologic malignancies. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):254.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"8466_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00445.x","volume":"214","author":"F Ghiringhelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ghiringhelli F, M\u00e9nard C, Martin F, Zitvogel L. The role of regulatory T cells in the control of natural killer cells: relevance during tumor progression. Immunol Rev. 2006;214:229\u201338.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"8466_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2010.10.006","volume":"90","author":"M Lettau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lettau M, Paulsen M, Schmidt H, Janssen O. Insights into the molecular regulation of FasL (CD178) biology. Eur J Cell Biol. 2011;90(6\u20137):456\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"8466_CR52","first-page":"1673","volume":"21","author":"IG Schmidt-Wolf","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schmidt-Wolf IG, Lefterova P, Mehta BA, Fernandez LP, Huhn D, Blume KG, et al. Phenotypic characterization and identification of effector cells involved in tumor cell recognition of cytokine-induced killer cells. Exp Hematol. 1993;21(13):1673\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8466_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-336321","volume":"118","author":"A Pievani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pievani A, Borleri G, Pende D, Moretta L, Rambaldi A, Golay J, et al. Dual-functional capability of CD3\u2009+\u2009CD56+ CIK cells, a T-cell subset that acquires NK function and retains TCR-mediated specific cytotoxicity. Blood. 2011;118(12):3301\u201310.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR54","first-page":"vdad009","volume":"5","author":"P Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma P, Aaroe A, Liang J, Puduvalli VK. Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: Current and emerging concepts. Neurooncol Adv. 2023;5(1):vdad009.","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910420416","volume":"42","author":"MC Kuppner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kuppner MC, Hamou MF, Bodmer S, Fontana A, de Tribolet N. The glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor\/transforming growth factor beta 2 inhibits the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Int J Cancer. 1988;42(4):562\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"8466_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2006.11.008","volume":"36","author":"DL Tamang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tamang DL, Redelman D, Alves BN, Vollger L, Bethley C, Hudig D. Induction of granzyme B and T cell cytotoxic capacity by IL-2 or IL-15 without antigens: multiclonal responses that are extremely lytic if triggered and short-lived after cytokine withdrawal. Cytokine. 2006;36(3\u20134):148\u201359.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"6","key":"8466_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.675323","volume":"12","author":"G Mesiano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mesiano G, Todorovic M, Gammaitoni L, Leuci V, Giraudo Diego L, Carnevale-Schianca F, et al. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells as feasible and effective adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(6):673\u201384.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"8466_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4236","volume":"12","author":"Y Cui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cui Y, Yang F, He L. Cytokine-induced killer cells induce apoptosis and inhibit the Akt\/nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling pathway in cisplatin-resistant human glioma U87MG cells. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(5):7027\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"8466_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M, Yu S, Zhang C, Cheng Q, Gong Z, Li X, et al. Disrupting USP14-mediated PARP1 dynamics reinstates MIC-A\/B-driven antigen-independent CD8+T cell killing in glioma. Sci Adv. 2026;12(11):eaeb3800.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb3800"},{"issue":"24","key":"8466_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5758","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415364","volume":"119","author":"S Gill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gill S, Vasey AE, De Souza A, Baker J, Smith AT, Kohrt HE, et al. Rapid development of exhaustion and down-regulation of eomesodermin limit the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred murine natural killer cells. Blood. 2012;119(24):5758\u201368.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(95)90139-6","volume":"77","author":"F Komatsu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Komatsu F, Kihara K. Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activities in a patient who recovered from cancer, and the characteristics of LAK cells generated from CD4\u2009\u2013\u2009CD8\u2013 and CD8\u2009+\u2009peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1995;77(1):75\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"8466_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.15.61","volume":"7","author":"L Giraudo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giraudo L, Gammaitoni L, Cangemi M, Rotolo R, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. Cytokine-induced killer cells as immunotherapy for solid tumors: current evidence and perspectives. Immunotherapy. 2015;7(9):999\u20131010.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"8466_CR63","first-page":"134","volume":"15","author":"F Donskov","year":"1996","unstructured":"Donskov F, Basse PH, Hokland M. Expression and function of LFA-1 on A-NK and T-LAK cells: role in tumor target killing and migration into tumor tissue. Nat Immun. 1996;15(2\u20133):134\u201346.","journal-title":"Nat Immun"},{"key":"8466_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-83","volume":"11","author":"J Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang J, Wu C, Lu B. Cytokine-induced killer cells promote antitumor immunity. J Transl Med. 2013;11:83.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"8466_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00128","volume":"3","author":"S Demaria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demaria S, Formenti SC. Radiotherapy effects on anti-tumor immunity: implications for cancer treatment. Front Oncol. 2013;3:128.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"8466_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0774","volume":"17","author":"SA Grossman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grossman SA, Ye X, Lesser G, Sloan A, Carraway H, Desideri S, et al. Immunosuppression in patients with high-grade gliomas treated with radiation and temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(16):5473\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"8466_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendel P, Reindl LM, Bexte T, K\u00fcnnemeyer L, S\u00e4rchen V, Albinger N, et al. Arming immune cells for battle: a brief journey through the advancements of t and nk cell immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(6).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061481"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00753-0","volume":"8","author":"S Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park S, Maus MV, Choi BD. CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of adult high-grade gliomas. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2024;8(1):279.","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"8466_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613332","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1613332","volume":"15","author":"Y Xing","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xing Y, Liu C, Feng Y, Li S, Chen Y. Vaccine therapies for glioma: clinical frontiers and potential breakthrough. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1613332.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01098-0","volume":"21","author":"B Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao B, Wu J, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xing H, et al. Recent advances and future challenges of tumor vaccination therapy for recurrent glioblastoma. Cell Commun Signal. 2023;21(1):74.","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1299705","volume":"17","author":"AA Elsamadicy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elsamadicy AA, Chongsathidkiet P, Desai R, Woroniecka K, Farber SH, Fecci PE, et al. Prospect of rindopepimut in the treatment of glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;17(4):507\u201313.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy200","volume":"21","author":"Y Narita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Narita Y, Arakawa Y, Yamasaki F, Nishikawa R, Aoki T, Kanamori M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase III trial of personalized peptide vaccination for recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(3):348\u201359.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"8466_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890496","volume":"20","author":"YW Zang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zang YW, Gu XD, Xiang JB, Chen ZY. Clinical application of adoptive T cell therapy in solid tumors. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:953\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"8466_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agosti E, Zeppieri M, De Maria L, Tedeschi C, Fontanella MM, Panciani PP, et al. Glioblastoma immunotherapy: a systematic review of the present strategies and prospects for advancements. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(20).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015037"},{"issue":"2","key":"8466_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.36401\/JIPO-23-34","volume":"7","author":"MH Ser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ser MH, Webb MJ, Sener U, Campian JL. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Glioblastoma: A Review on Current State and Future Directions. J Immunother Precis Oncol. 2024;7(2):97\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Immunother Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54326-7","volume":"15","author":"JR McFaline-Figueroa","year":"2024","unstructured":"McFaline-Figueroa JR, Sun L, Youssef GC, Huang R, Li G, Kim J, et al. Neoadjuvant anti-PD1 immunotherapy for surgically accessible recurrent glioblastoma: clinical and molecular outcomes of a stage 2 single-arm expansion cohort. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):10757.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"8466_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100708","volume":"6","author":"D Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen D, Le SB, Ghiaseddin AP, Manektalia H, Li M, O\u2019Dell A, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjuvant TTFields plus pembrolizumab and temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: A phase 2 study. Med. 2025;6(9):100708.","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05940-y","volume":"22","author":"W Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang W, Wang Z, Luo Q, Dai Z, Zhu J, Tao X, et al. Combined immunotherapy with dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells for solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):1122.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8466_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1939-x","volume":"66","author":"H Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li H, Huang L, Liu L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Yue D, et al. Selective effect of cytokine-induced killer cells on survival of patients with early-stage melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2017;66(3):299\u2013308.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02884-x","volume":"42","author":"L Giraudo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giraudo L, Cattaneo G, Gammaitoni L, Iaia I, Donini C, Massa A, et al. CSPG4 CAR-redirected Cytokine Induced Killer lymphocytes (CIK) as effective cellular immunotherapy for HLA class I defective melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2023;42(1):310.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84284-5","volume":"15","author":"AS L\u00fcck","year":"2025","unstructured":"L\u00fcck AS, Pu J, Melhem A, Schneider M, Sharma A, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, et al. Preclinical evaluation of DC-CIK cells as potentially effective immunotherapy model for the treatment of glioblastoma. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):734.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"8466_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.290","volume":"105","author":"EJ West","year":"2011","unstructured":"West EJ, Scott KJ, Jennings VA, Melcher AA. Immune activation by combination human lymphokine-activated killer and dendritic cell therapy. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(6):787\u201395.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2162-3619-1-11","volume":"1","author":"Y Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma Y, Xu YC, Tang L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang HX. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and safety. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2012;1(1):11.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8466_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.02.055","volume":"148","author":"JH Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee JH, Lee JH, Lim YS, Yeon JE, Song TJ, Yu SJ, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1383\u2013e916.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"8466_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.04.002","volume":"17","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang L, Luo Z, Zhao X, Huang J, Li H, et al. Efficacy and safety of cord blood-derived cytokine-induced killer cells in treatment of patients with malignancies. Cytotherapy. 2015;17(8):1130\u20138.","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"8466_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751183","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.751183","volume":"11","author":"C Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan C, Zhai Y, Li G, Jiang T, Zhang W. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy and Therapeutic Perspective in Gliomas. Front Oncol. 2021;11:751183.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8466_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16745-z","volume":"7","author":"X-y Fan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fan X-y, Wang P-y, Zhang C, Zhang Y-l, Fu Y, Zhang C, et al. All-trans retinoic acid enhances cytotoxicity of CIK cells against human lung adenocarcinoma by upregulating MICA and IL-2 secretion. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16481.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"8466_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069044","volume":"8","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lin G, Guo ZQ, Zhou ZF, He ZY, Ye YB. Effects of MICA expression on the prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and the efficacy of CIK therapy. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e69044.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"8466_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2326","volume":"35","author":"CA Nwangwu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nwangwu CA, Weiher H, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Increase of CIK cell efficacy by upregulating cell surface MICA and inhibition of NKG2D ligand shedding in multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol. 2017;35(4):719\u201325.","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 13","key":"8466_CR90","first-page":"11","volume":"16","author":"RN Schwartz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schwartz RN, Stover L, Dutcher JP. Managing toxicities of high-dose interleukin-2. Oncol (Williston Park). 2002;16(11 Suppl 13):11\u201320.","journal-title":"Oncol (Williston Park)"},{"issue":"2","key":"8466_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-010-0887-7","volume":"137","author":"C Hontscha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hontscha C, Borck Y, Zhou H, Messmer D, Schmidt-Wolf IG. Clinical trials on CIK cells: first report of the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(2):305\u201310.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8466_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9291","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29827","volume":"235","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Ten-year update of the international registry on cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(12):9291\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"8466_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229540","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1229540","volume":"14","author":"E Cappuzzello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cappuzzello E, Vigolo E, D\u2019Accardio G, Astori G, Rosato A, Sommaggio R. How can Cytokine-induced killer cells overcome CAR-T cell limits. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1229540.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"8466_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuka S, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Li C, Stackhouse CT, Sampetrean O, et al. N-cadherin upregulation mediates adaptive radioresistance in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(6).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136098"},{"key":"8466_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandara S, Raveendran S. Current landscape and future directions in cancer immunotherapy: therapies, trials, and challenges. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050821"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08466-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08466-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08466-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:02:38Z","timestamp":1787032958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08466-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08466-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare any conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1063"}}