{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:13:20Z","timestamp":1793056400451,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2023J011164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023J011164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-08746-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:56:01Z","timestamp":1787158561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["POSTN\u207a CAF\u2013SPP1\u207a macrophage crosstalk is associated with immune exclusion and poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ankang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haobo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaolin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9722-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"8746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002529","volume":"136","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li C, et al. Global burden and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality. Chin Med J (Engl). 2023;136(13):1583\u201390.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"8746_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papavassiliou KA, Sofianidi AA, Papavassiliou AG. The attractiveness of B7-H3 as a target for lung cancer treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17091546"},{"issue":"1","key":"8746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01740-y","volume":"22","author":"A Lahiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lahiri A, et al. Lung cancer immunotherapy: progress, pitfalls, and promises. Mol Cancer. 2023;22(1):40.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"8746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656364","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.656364","volume":"12","author":"K Khalaf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khalaf K, et al. Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment Involved in Immune Resistance and Drug Resistance. Front Immunol. 2021;12:656364.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57465-7","volume":"16","author":"J Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song J, et al. Antigen-presenting cancer associated fibroblasts enhance antitumor immunity and predict immunotherapy response. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):2175.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"8746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00967-w","volume":"9","author":"L Qiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiu L, et al. Multi-omics analyses reveal interactions between GREM1\u2009+\u2009fibroblasts and SPP1\u2009+\u2009macrophages in gastric cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2025;9(1):164.","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0185-6","volume":"99","author":"N Higashino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higashino N, et al. Fibroblast activation protein-positive fibroblasts promote tumor progression through secretion of CCL2 and interleukin-6 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Lab Invest. 2019;99(6):777\u201392.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"8746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2025.2877","volume":"23","author":"CH To","year":"2025","unstructured":"To CH, et al. POSTN is exclusively activated in cancer-associated fibroblasts and leads to unfavorable prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Mol Clin Oncol. 2025;23(3):82.","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00660-4","volume":"8","author":"C Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei C, et al. Tumor-associated macrophage clusters linked to immunotherapy in a pan-cancer census. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2024;8(1):176.","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"8746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711015","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1711015","volume":"16","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. SPP1(+) macrophages in tumor immunosuppression: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1711015.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1515","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1515","volume":"13","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen C, et al. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal POSTN(+) cancer-associated fibroblasts correlated with immune suppression and tumour progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Med. 2023;13(12):e1515.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3192","volume":"33","author":"R Satija","year":"2015","unstructured":"Satija R, et al. Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(5):495\u2013502.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1874-1","volume":"20","author":"C Hafemeister","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafemeister C, Satija R. Normalization and variance stabilization of single-cell RNA-seq data using regularized negative binomial regression. Genome Biol. 2019;20(1):296.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","volume":"16","author":"I Korsunsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korsunsky I, et al. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat Methods. 2019;16(12):1289\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"8746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p979","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.73600.1","volume":"10","author":"PL Germain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Germain PL, et al. Doublet identification in single-cell sequencing data using scDblFinder. F1000Res. 2021;10:p979.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.010","volume":"184","author":"S Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng S, et al. A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Cell. 2021;184(3):792\u2013e80923.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, et al. ClusterGVis: an advanced visualization and clustering tool for gene expression analysis. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2026.","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzag005"},{"issue":"10","key":"8746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4402","volume":"14","author":"X Qiu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiu X, et al. Reversed graph embedding resolves complex single-cell trajectories. Nat Methods. 2017;14(10):979\u201382.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"7745","key":"8746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0969-x","volume":"566","author":"J Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao J, et al. The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis. Nature. 2019;566(7745):496\u2013502.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-7","volume":"14","author":"S Hanzelmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hanzelmann S, Castelo R, Guinney J. GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-seq data. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013;14:7.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"8746_CR21","first-page":"100141","volume":"2","author":"T Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu T, et al. clusterProfiler 4.0: A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data. Innov (Camb). 2021;2(3):100141.","journal-title":"Innov (Camb)"},{"issue":"4","key":"8746_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-00830-w","volume":"40","author":"DM Cable","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cable DM, et al. Robust decomposition of cell type mixtures in spatial transcriptomics. Nat Biotechnol. 2022;40(4):517\u201326.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin S, et al. Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1088.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"8746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687975","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687975","volume":"12","author":"D Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng D, et al. IOBR: Multi-Omics Immuno-Oncology Biological Research to Decode Tumor Microenvironment and Signatures. Front Immunol. 2021;12:687975.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0136-1","volume":"24","author":"P Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang P, et al. Signatures of T cell dysfunction and exclusion predict cancer immunotherapy response. Nat Med. 2018;24(10):1550\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10031","key":"8746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00561-4","volume":"387","author":"JE Rosenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenberg JE, et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1909\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"8746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2025.02.006","volume":"52","author":"S Mei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mei S, et al. Resolving the spatial and cellular architecture of intra-tumor heterogeneity by multi-region dissection of lung adenocarcinoma. J Genet Genomics. 2025;52(9):1121\u201332.","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics"},{"issue":"19","key":"8746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0784-5","volume":"68","author":"A Kudo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kudo A. Periostin in fibrillogenesis for tissue regeneration: periostin actions inside and outside the cell. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68(19):3201\u20137.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"8746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395596","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395596","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao Y, et al. Osteopontin\/SPP1: a potential mediator between immune cells and vascular calcification. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1395596.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"17","key":"8746_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13294","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.088864","volume":"285","author":"T Maruhashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maruhashi T, et al. Interaction between periostin and BMP-1 promotes proteolytic activation of lysyl oxidase. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(17):13294\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5248","key":"8746_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.509","volume":"271","author":"GF Weber","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weber GF, et al. Receptor-ligand interaction between CD44 and osteopontin (Eta-1). Science. 1996;271(5248):509\u201312.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8746_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavelescu LA, et al. Predictive biomarkers and resistance mechanisms of checkpoint inhibitors in malignant solid tumors. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(17).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179659"},{"key":"8746_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386381","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1386381","volume":"14","author":"R Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu R, et al. PD-L1 expression as a potential predictor of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and survival in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective trials. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1386381.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08746-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08746-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08746-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:23:25Z","timestamp":1787232205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08746-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08746-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The patient cohorts and associated clinical data analyzed in this study were partly obtained from publicly available databases, including TCGA, GEO, and UCSC Xena. As these data are publicly accessible and de-identified, the requirement for local ethical approval was waived, and their use adhered to the data access policies of the respective databases. For the experimental validation, the collection and use of human LUAD tissue samples were approved by the Ethics Committee of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Approval No.: KY2026007). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating patients prior to sample collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ChatGPT (OpenAI) was used solely for language polishing. All content was reviewed and approved by the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 information","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1074"}}