{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:49:22Z","timestamp":1791560962443,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"57357 Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-08830-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:03:49Z","timestamp":1791428629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward regionally equitable precision medicine: microbiota\u2011associated mechanisms and emerging personalized strategies in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ameera Saeed","family":"Alshinnawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2132-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham AbdelBadiea","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Saad","family":"Swelam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4044-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dobson R, Giovannoni G Multiple sclerosis \u2013 a review. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13819.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819"},{"key":"8830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Multiple Scler J SAGE Publications Ltd. 2020;26:1816\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520970841.","journal-title":"Multiple Scler J SAGE Publications Ltd"},{"key":"8830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977","volume-title":"The Lancet Regional Health - Europe [Internet]","author":"E Portaccio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Portaccio E, Magyari M, Havrdova KE, Ruet A, Brochet B, Scalfari A, et al Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe [Internet]. Volume 22. Elsevier Ltd; 2024. p. 100977. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977."},{"key":"8830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghonimi NAM, Elbaz RH, Mahdy ME, Elaidy SA Suicide ideation in multiple sclerosis Egyptian patients: neurologic and psychiatric correlates. Middle East Curr Psychiatry Springer Sci Bus Media Deutschland GmbH. 2025;32. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43045-025-00536-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-025-00536-8"},{"key":"8830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029017","volume-title":"The gut microbiome and multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med","author":"J Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz J, Kirby TO, Kasper LH The gut microbiome and multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2018. p. 8. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a029017."},{"key":"8830_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i37.4217","volume":"24","author":"CR Camara-Lemarroy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Camara-Lemarroy CR, Metz LM, Yong VW. Focus on the gut-brain axis: Multiple sclerosis, the intestinal barrier and the microbiome. World J Gastroenterol Baishideng Publishing Group Co. 2018;24:4217\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v24.i37.4217.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol Baishideng Publishing Group Co"},{"key":"8830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jangi S, Gandhi R, Cox LM, Li N, Von Glehn F, Yan R, et al Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Nat Commun Nat Publishing Group. 2016;7. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms12015.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12015"},{"key":"8830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26084","volume":"89","author":"LM Cox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cox LM, Maghzi AH, Liu S, Tankou SK, Dhang FH, Willocq V, et al. Gut Microbiome in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol John Wiley Sons Inc. 2021;89:1195\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26084.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol John Wiley Sons Inc"},{"key":"8830_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05194-9","author":"AS Alshinnawy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alshinnawy AS, Badiea EA, Swelam MS, Sayed AA, Mohamed MR. Decoding the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis Using Nanopore Long-Read Sequencing: Insights into Disease Severity and Subtypes. Mol Neurobiol [Internet] Springer. 2025. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05194-9","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol [Internet] Springer"},{"key":"8830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114624","author":"M Hassan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hassan M, Elzallat M, Mohammed DM, Balata M, El-Maadawy WH. Exploiting regulatory T cells (Tregs): Cutting-edge therapy for autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol Elsevier B V. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114624.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol Elsevier B V"},{"key":"8830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70168","volume-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Prevention, and Therapy. MedComm (Beijing)","author":"Y Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen Y, Fan N, Ma S, xia, Cheng X, Yang X, Wang G Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Prevention, and Therapy. MedComm (Beijing). John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2025. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70168."},{"key":"8830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111661","author":"R Mirzaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirzaei R, Bouzari B, Hosseini-Fard SR, Mazaheri M, Ahmadyousefi Y, Abdi M, et al. Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in nervous system disorders. Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111661.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"8830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cekanaviciute E, Pr\u00f6bstel A-K, Thomann A, Runia TF, Casaccia P, Katz Sand I et al. Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Changes in the Composition and Immune Functions of Spore-Forming Bacteria. Lozupone C, editor. mSystems [Internet]. 2018;3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00083-18","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00083-18"},{"key":"8830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perrone V, Veronesi C, Giacomini E, Citraro R, Dell\u2019orco S, Lena F, et al. The epidemiology, treatment patterns and economic burden of different phenotypes of multiple sclerosis in Italy: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Clin Epidemiol. Volume 14. Dove Medical Press Ltd; 2022;14:1327\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S376005.","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S376005"},{"key":"8830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","author":"KJ O\u2019Riordan","year":"2025","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan KJ, Moloney GM, Keane L, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Cell Press. The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: Therapeutic implications. Cell Rep Med. 2025. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"8830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100377","volume-title":"Mucin degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila promotes Alistipes-dependent tryptophan metabolism and Th17-driven autoimmunity. Mucosal Immunol","author":"X Lin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lin X, Singh A, Shan X, Tawch S, Sakarin I, Bahadur T, et al Mucin degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila promotes Alistipes-dependent tryptophan metabolism and Th17-driven autoimmunity. Mucosal Immunol. Elsevier B.V.; 2026. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100377."},{"key":"8830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peipert D, Montgomery TL, Toppen LC, Lee MFJ, Scarborough MJ, Krementsov DN Colonization by Akkermansia muciniphila modulates central nervous system autoimmunity in an ecological context-dependent manner. Front Immunol Front Media SA. 2025;16. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1655428.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1655428"},{"key":"8830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu H, Huang R, Shen B, Huang C, zhou Q, Xu J, et al Live Akkermansia muciniphila boosts dendritic cell retinoic acid synthesis to modulate IL-22 activity and mitigate colitis in mice. Microbiome. 2024;12. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-01995-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01995-7"},{"key":"8830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107","volume":"107","author":"JL Round","year":"2010","unstructured":"Round JL, Mazmanian SK. Inducible Foxp3\u2009+\u2009regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:12204\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0909122107.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1056973","volume":"6","author":"KM Telesford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Telesford KM, Yan W, Ochoa-Reparaz J, Pant A, Kircher C, Christy MA, et al. A commensal symbiotic factor derived from Bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39\u2009+\u2009Foxp3+ T cells and Treg function. Gut Microbes Taylor Francis Inc. 2015;6:234\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2015.1056973.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes Taylor Francis Inc"},{"key":"8830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.29","volume":"3","author":"J Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz J, Mielcarz DW, Wang Y, Begum-Haque S, Dasgupta S, Kasper DL, et al. A polysaccharide from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis protects against CNS demyelinating disease. Mucosal Immunol Nat Publishing Group. 2010;3:487\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2010.29.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol Nat Publishing Group"},{"key":"8830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2015","volume":"15","author":"S Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu S, Rhee KJ, Albesiano E, Rabizadeh S, Wu X, Yen HR, et al. A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat Med. 2009;15:1016\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2015.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"8830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz J, Mielcarz DW, Ditrio LE, Burroughs AR, Begum-Haque S, Dasgupta S, et al. Central nervous system demyelinating disease protection by the human commensal bacteroides fragilis depends on polysaccharide a expression. The Journal of Immunology. 2010;185:;4101\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1001443.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001443"},{"key":"8830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.004","volume":"12","author":"Y Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen Y, Torchia MLG, Lawson GW, Karp CL, Ashwell JD, Mazmanian SK. Outer membrane vesicles of a human commensal mediate immune regulation and disease protection. Cell Host Microbe. 2012;12:509\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.004.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"8830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Telesford KM, Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz J, Haque-Begum S, Christy M, Kasper EJ, et al An intestinal commensal symbiosis factor controls neuroinflammation via TLR2-mediated CD39 signalling. Nat Commun Nat Publishing Group. 2014;5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms5432.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5432"},{"key":"8830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith PM, Howitt MR, Panikov N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Bohlooly-Y M et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic T reg cell homeostasis Science (1979). American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2013;341:569\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1241165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165"},{"key":"8830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","volume":"504","author":"N Arpaia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, Dikiy S, Van Der Veeken J, Deroos P, et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature. 2013;504:451\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12726.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","volume":"43","author":"A Haghikia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haghikia A, J\u00f6rg S, Duscha A, Berg J, Manzel A, Waschbisch A, et al. Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine. Immun Cell Press. 2015;43:817\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007.","journal-title":"Immun Cell Press"},{"key":"8830_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prado C, Espinoza A, Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez JE, Petrosino J, Riquelme E, Martin AJM, et al GPR43 stimulation on TCR\u03b1\u03b2\u2009+\u2009intraepithelial colonic lymphocytes inhibits the recruitment of encephalitogenic T-cells into the central nervous system and attenuates the development of autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation BioMed Cent Ltd. 2023;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02815-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02815-9"},{"key":"8830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516652498","volume-title":"Altered intestinal permeability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Multiple Sclerosis","author":"MC Buscarinu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buscarinu MC, Cerasoli B, Annibali V, Policano C, Lionetto L, Capi M, et al. Altered intestinal permeability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Multiple Sclerosis. 2017;23:442\u20136. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458516652498."},{"key":"8830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IMLET.2015.03.003","volume-title":"Lipopolysaccharide directly stimulates Th17 differentiation in vitro modulating phosphorylation of RelB and NF-\u03baB1","author":"JH Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park JH, Jeong SY, Choi AJ, Kim SJ. Lipopolysaccharide directly stimulates Th17 differentiation in vitro modulating phosphorylation of RelB and NF-\u03baB1. Immunol Lett [Internet]. 2015;165:10\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IMLET.2015.03.003."},{"key":"8830_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04753","volume":"441","author":"E Bettelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006;441:235\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04753.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8830_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04754","volume":"441","author":"PR Mangan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O\u2019Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, et al. Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 induces development of the T H17 lineage. Nature. 2006;441:231\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04754.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8830_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1496","volume":"8","author":"EV Acosta-Rodriguez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Acosta-Rodriguez EV, Napolitani G, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Interleukins 1\u03b2 and 6 but not transforming growth factor-\u03b2 are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17-producing human T helper cells. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:942\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni1496.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8830_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01355","volume":"421","author":"DJ Cua","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, Murphy CA, Joyce B, Seymour B, et al. Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nat [Internet]. 2003;421:744\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature01355.","journal-title":"Nat [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041257","volume":"201","author":"CL Langrish","year":"2005","unstructured":"Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med. 2005;201:233\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20041257.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8830_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1651","volume":"13","author":"H Kebir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, Bernard M, et al. Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med. 2007;13:1173\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1651.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"8830_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl273","volume":"130","author":"Y Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li Y, Chu N, Hu A, Gran B, Rostami A, Zhang GX. Increased IL-23p19 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions and its induction in microglia. Brain. 2007;130:490\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl273.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"8830_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21748","volume":"66","author":"H Kebir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kebir H, Ifergan I, Alvarez JI, Bernard M, Poirier J, Arbour N, et al. Preferential recruitment of interferon-\u03b3-expressing TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2009;66:390\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21748.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"8830_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040657","volume-title":"Mechanisms of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids","author":"E Fock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fock E, Parnova R Mechanisms of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Cells. MDPI; 2023. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12040657."},{"key":"8830_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7191080","volume":"2020","author":"V Pegoretti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pegoretti V, Swanson KA, Bethea JR, Probert L, Eisel ULM, Fischer R. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences for Therapy Development. Oxid Med Cell Longev [Internet] Hindawi Ltd. 2020;2020:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7191080.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev [Internet] Hindawi Ltd"},{"key":"8830_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1710733","author":"G Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li G, Xiong Y, Li Z, Yu Q, Li S, Xie J, et al. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites modulate Treg\/Th17 balance: novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol Front Media SA. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1710733.","journal-title":"Front Immunol Front Media SA"},{"key":"8830_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70135","volume":"56","author":"M Ceccon","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ceccon M, Ronchi F. Microbial-Immune Interplay in CNS Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons from Animal Models and Clinical Studies. Eur J Immunol. 2026;56:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.70135.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"8830_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711235114","volume":"114","author":"E Cekanaviciute","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cekanaviciute E, Yoo BB, Runia TF, Debelius JW, Singh S, Nelson CA, et al. Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2017;114:10713\u20138. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1711235114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914756","author":"SK Yadav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yadav SK, Ito K, Dhib-Jalbut S, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Interaction of the Gut Microbiome and Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis: Impact of Diet and Immune Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241914756","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"8830_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194241","volume-title":"Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 Promotes Systemic Th1 Responses and Enhances Resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Nutrients","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Wang T, Fan L, Xiao H, Ji H, Zhou N, et al. Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 promotes systemic Th1 responses and enhances resistance to salmonella typhimurium infection. Nutrients. 2023:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15194241."},{"key":"8830_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiraskova Zakostelska Z, Kraus M, Coufal S, Prochazkova P, Slavickova Z, Thon T, et al. Lysate of Parabacteroides distasonis prevents severe forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating the priming of T cell response. Front Immunol Front Media SA. 2024;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1475126.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1475126"},{"key":"8830_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghimire S, Lehman PC, Aguilar Meza LS, Shahi SK, Hoang J, Olalde H, et al Specific microbial ratio in the gut microbiome is associated with multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Natl Acad Sci. 2025;122. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2413953122.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2413953122"},{"key":"8830_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ventura RE, Iizumi T, Battaglia T, Liu M, Perez-Perez GI, Herbert J, et al Gut microbiome of treatment-na\u00efve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course. Sci Rep. 2019;9. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52894-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52894-z"},{"key":"8830_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin Q, Dorsett Y, Mirza A, Tremlett H, Piccio L, Longbrake EE, et al Meta-analysis identifies common gut microbiota associated with multiple sclerosis. Genome Med BioMed Cent Ltd. 2024;16. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-024-01364-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-024-01364-x"},{"key":"8830_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elgendy SG, Abd-Elhameed R, Daef E, Mohammed SM, Hassan HM, El-Mokhtar MA, et al Gut microbiota in forty cases of egyptian relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Iran J Microbiol. 2021;13. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijm.v13i5.7428.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v13i5.7428"},{"key":"8830_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasoulian P, Akhgarjand C, Houjaghani H, Seyedmirzaei H, Zangeneh M, Danandeh K, et al Gut dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis patients: a comparative analysis in fecal samples. Sci Rep Nat Res. 2025;15. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-19998-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19998-1"},{"key":"8830_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578696","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNEUROIM.2025.578696","volume":"407","author":"G Kaur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaur G, Kumari P, Devi P, Swaminathan A, Kumar A, Dutta U, et al. Gut dysbiosis influences the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study from North India. J Neuroimmunol [Internet]. 2025;407:578696. . [cited 2026 Jul 15];. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JNEUROIM.2025.578696","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wei Z, Liu Z, Yang W, Huai Y. Changes in Gut microbiota in patients with multiple sclerosis based on 16s rRNA Gene sequencing technology: a review and meta-analysis. J Integr Neurosci. 2024;23. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.jin2307127.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2307127"},{"key":"8830_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miyake S, Kim S, Suda W, Oshima K, Nakamura M, Matsuoka T, et al Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis, with a striking depletion of species belonging to clostridia XIVa and IV clusters. PLoS One Public Libr Sci. 2015;10. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0137429.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137429"},{"key":"8830_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mekky J, Wani R, Said SM, Ashry M, Ibrahim AE, Ahmed SM Molecular characterization of the gut microbiome in egyptian patients with remitting relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103354"},{"key":"8830_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040435","volume-title":"Microbiota-Driven Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Biomarker Potential. Biology (Basel) [Internet]","author":"MH Nemati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nemati MH, Yazdanpanah E, Kazemi R, Orooji N, Dadfar S, Oksenych V, et al. Microbiota-Driven Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Biomarker Potential. Biology (Basel) [Internet]. Volume 14. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2025. p. 435. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14040435"},{"key":"8830_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7272\/Q6N58JH2","author":"K Berer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berer K, Gerdes LA, Cekanaviciute E, Jia X, Xiao L, Xia Z, et al. Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. PNAS [Internet]. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7272\/Q6N58JH2. 114.","journal-title":"PNAS [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veselovsky V, Romanov M, Zoruk P, Larin A, Babenko V, Morozov M, et al Comparative evaluation of sequencing platforms: Pacific Biosciences, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and Illumina for 16S rRNA-based soil microbiome profiling. Front Microbiol Front Media SA. 2025;16. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1633360.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1633360"},{"key":"8830_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103798","volume":"76","author":"C Cantoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cantoni C, Lin Q, Dorsett Y, Ghezzi L, Liu Z, Pan Y, et al. Articles Alterations of host-gut microbiome interactions in multiple sclerosis. EBioMedicine [Internet] Elsevier B V. 2022;76:103798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103798.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine [Internet] Elsevier B V"},{"key":"8830_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.021","volume":"185","author":"X Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou X, Baumann R, Gao X, Mendoza M, Singh S, Katz I, et al. Gut microbiome of multiple sclerosis patients and paired household healthy controls reveal associations with disease risk and course. Gut. 2023;185:3467\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.021.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"8830_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thirion F, Sellebjerg F, Fan Y, Lyu L, Hansen TH, Pons N, et al The gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis varies with disease activity. Genome Med BioMed Cent Ltd. 2023;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-022-01148-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01148-1"},{"key":"8830_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04917-1","author":"C Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim C, Pongpanich M, Porntaveetus T. Unraveling metagenomics through long-read sequencing: a comprehensive review. J Transl Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-04917-1.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"8830_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71564","author":"M Memariani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Memariani M, Memariani H, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. Health Sci Rep. 2025. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71564","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"8830_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107456","author":"LIM Campagnoli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campagnoli LIM, Marchesi N, Varesi A, Morozzi M, Mascione L, Ricevuti G, Academic Press. New therapeutic avenues in multiple sclerosis: Is there a place for gut microbiota-based treatments? Pharmacol Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107456.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"8830_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221100401","volume-title":"Decentralised clinical trials in multiple sclerosis research. Multiple Sclerosis Journal","author":"A Garjani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garjani A, Liu BJY, Allen CM, Gunzler DD, Gerry SW, Planchon SM, et al Decentralised clinical trials in multiple sclerosis research. Multiple Sclerosis Journal. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2023. pp. 317\u201325. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585221100401."},{"key":"8830_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1118","volume":"77","author":"R Tanasescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanasescu R, Tench CR, Constantinescu CS, Telford G, Singh S, Frakich N, et al. Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol [Internet]. 2020;77:1089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1118.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035","volume":"180","author":"A Duscha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duscha A, Gisevius B, Hirschberg S, Yissachar N, Stangl GI, Dawin E, et al. Propionic Acid Shapes the Multiple Sclerosis Disease Course by an Immunomodulatory Mechanism. Cell Elsevier B V. 2020;180:1067\u2013e108016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035.","journal-title":"Cell Elsevier B V"},{"key":"8830_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirza AI, Zhu F, Knox N, Black LJ, Daly A, Bonner C, et al Mediterranean diet and associations with the gut microbiota and pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis using trivariate analysis. Commun Med Springer Nat. 2024;4. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00565-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00565-0"},{"key":"8830_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2025-0371","volume-title":"From prevention to management: Exploring the impact of diet on multiple sclerosis. Transl. Neurosci","author":"D Koukach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koukach D, Aljumaily M, Al-Attiyah N, Al-Amer R, Attia Y, Tayyem R From prevention to management: Exploring the impact of diet on multiple sclerosis. Transl. Neurosci. Walter de Gruyter GmbH; 2025. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/tnsci-2025-0371."},{"key":"8830_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Memariani M, Memariani H. Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. Health Sci. Rep. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71564","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71564"},{"key":"8830_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040560","volume-title":"The Effects of Microbiome Modulating Therapies on Inflammatory Markers in Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients","author":"G Ashkanani","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ashkanani G, Rob M, Yousef M, Ashkanani A, Al-Najjar YA, Laws S, et al The Effects of Microbiome Modulating Therapies on Inflammatory Markers in Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2026. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18040560."},{"key":"8830_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tankou SK, Regev K, Healy BC, Cox LM, Tjon E, Kivisakk P, et al Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018;24. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517737390.","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517737390"},{"key":"8830_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahimlou M, Nematollahi S, Husain D, Banaei-Jahromi N, Majdinasab N, Hosseini SA Probiotic supplementation and systemic inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Neurosci Front Media S A. 2022;16. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.901846.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.901846"},{"key":"8830_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1758887","volume":"25","author":"M Rahimlou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahimlou M, Hosseini SA, Majdinasab N, Haghighizadeh MH, Husain D. Effects of long-term administration of Multi-Strain Probiotic on circulating levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and mental health in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci Taylor Francis Ltd. 2022;25:411\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1758887.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci Taylor Francis Ltd"},{"key":"8830_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asghari KM, Dolatkhah N, Ayromlou H, Mirnasiri F, Dadfar T, Hashemian M The effect of probiotic supplementation on the clinical and para-clinical findings of multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep Nat Res. 2023;13. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-46047-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46047-6"},{"key":"8830_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03609-y","author":"D A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2022","unstructured":"A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz D, Gen\u00e7er Bing\u00f6l F, \u00c7elik E, Cemali \u00d6, \u00d6zenir \u00c7, \u00d6zo\u011ful F, BioMed Central Ltd. Recent developments in the probiotics as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) as modulators of gut brain axis related neurological conditions. J Transl Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-022-03609-y.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"8830_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030253","volume":"15","author":"A D\u017eidi\u0107 Krivi\u0107","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u017eidi\u0107 Krivi\u0107 A, Begagi\u0107 E, Had\u017ei\u0107 S, Be\u0107irovi\u0107 A, Be\u0107irovi\u0107 E, Hibi\u0107 H, et al. Unveiling the Important Role of Gut Microbiota and Diet in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci. 2025;15:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15030253.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"8830_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Straus Farber R, Walker EL, Diallo F, Onomichi K, Riley C, Zhang L, et al A randomized cross-over trial of prebiotics and probiotics in multiple sclerosis: Trial feasibility, supplement tolerability and symptom abatement. Mult Scler Relat Disord Elsevier B V. 2024;89. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105762.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105762"},{"key":"8830_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moravejolahkam RA, Chitsa A, Hassanzade A, Paknaha Z. Effects of anti-Inflammatory-antioxidant-rich diet and co-supplemented synbiotics intervention in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis a single-center, single-blind randomized clinica. Nutr Neurosci. 2023;26(11):1078\u201389.","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2022.2128010"},{"key":"8830_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112742","volume-title":"Current Trends and Challenges of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation\u2014An Easy Method That Works for All? Biomedicines","author":"C Almeida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almeida C, Oliveira R, Baylina P, Fernandes R, Teixeira FG, Barata P Current Trends and Challenges of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation\u2014An Easy Method That Works for All? Biomedicines. MDPI; 2022. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10112742."},{"key":"8830_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/20552173221086662","volume-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation is safe and tolerable in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin","author":"KF Al","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al KF, Craven LJ, Gibbons S, Parvathy SN, Wing AC, Graf C, et al Fecal microbiota transplantation is safe and tolerable in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2022. p. 8. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552173221086662."},{"key":"8830_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bibb\u00f2 S, De Maio F, Capone F, Quaranta G, Rondinella D, Rosato R, et al Case Report: Fecal microbiota transplantation via capsules ameliorated clinical outcomes in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol Front Media SA. 2025;16. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1678759.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1678759"},{"key":"8830_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin Y, Lu P, Ding Q, Liu M. Current perspectives on the inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis of microbiota and the Gut-brain axis, and emerging therapeutics. biomedicines; 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines14040859.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14040859"},{"key":"8830_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010006","volume-title":"Impact of disease-modifying therapies on Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis. Medicina (Lithuania)","author":"I Del Negro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Del Negro I, Pez S, Versace S, Marziali A, Gigli GL, Tereshko Y, et al Impact of disease-modifying therapies on Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis. Medicina (Lithuania). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2024. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60010006."},{"key":"8830_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27589","author":"Y Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang Y, An M, Lv Y, Hou Y, Li Z, Dai J, et al. Genomic and functional characterization of probiotic strains from traditional fermented dairy products in alleviating dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-27589.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021095","author":"R Ottria","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ottria R, Mirmajidi S, Ciuffreda P, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Gut microbiota-derived short-Chain fatty Acids in Inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanistic Insights into Gut Inflammation, Barrier Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci. 2026. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27021095","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"8830_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15235005","volume-title":"The Beneficial Effects of Dietary Interventions on Gut Microbiota\u2014An Up-to-Date Critical Review and Future Perspectives. Nutrients","author":"C Purdel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Purdel C, Margin\u0103 D, Adam-Dima I, Ungurianu A The Beneficial Effects of Dietary Interventions on Gut Microbiota\u2014An Up-to-Date Critical Review and Future Perspectives. Nutrients. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2023. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15235005."},{"key":"8830_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07428-9","author":"H Aslam","year":"2026","unstructured":"Aslam H, Trakman G, Dissanayake T, Todd E, Harrison P, Alby C, BioMed Central Ltd. Dietary interventions and the gut microbiota: a systematic literature review of 80 controlled clinical trials. J Transl Med. 2026. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07428-9","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"8830_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199625","author":"MY Sheikh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sheikh MY, Younus MF, Shergill A, Hasan MN, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Diet and Lifestyle Interventions in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199625.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"8830_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329074","volume":"93","author":"JN Brenton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brenton JN, Lehner-Gulotta D, Woolbright E, Banwell B, Bergqvist AGC, Chen S, et al. Phase II study of ketogenic diets in relapsing multiple sclerosis: safety, tolerability and potential clinical benefits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry BMJ Publishing Group. 2022;93:637\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329074.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry BMJ Publishing Group"},{"key":"8830_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005","volume":"24","author":"JG LeBlanc","year":"2013","unstructured":"LeBlanc JG, Milani C, de Giori GS, Sesma F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol [Internet]. 2013;24:160\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol [Internet]"},{"key":"8830_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.910561","author":"EC Rosser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosser EC, de Gruijter NM, Matei DE, Frontiers Media S.A. Mini-Review: Gut-Microbiota and the Sex-Bias in Autoimmunity \u2013 Lessons Learnt From Animal Models. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.910561.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"8830_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirzayi C, Renson A, Furlanello C, Sansone SA, Zohra F, Elsafoury S, et al Reporting guidelines for human microbiome research: the STORMS checklist. Nat Med Nat Res. 2021;1885\u201392. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01552-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01552-x"},{"key":"8830_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/app14198627","volume-title":"Overview and Perspective Based on the Current State of the Art. Applied Sciences (Switzerland)","author":"F D\u2019Urso","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Urso F, Broccolo F Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Microbiome Analysis and Probiotic Interventions\u2014An. Overview and Perspective Based on the Current State of the Art. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2024. p. 14. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14198627."}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08830-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08830-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08830-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:58:38Z","timestamp":1791557918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08830-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-026-08830-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1277"}}