{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1793795737438,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":189,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL143468-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL143468-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R38AI140298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R38AI140298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]],"date-time":"2021-09-05T19:02:47Z","timestamp":1630868567000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Altered hemodynamics by 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance predict exercise intolerance in repaired coarctation of the aorta: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1934-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason G.","family":"Mandell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Hin","family":"Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige N.","family":"Mass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Cleveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Opfermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seda","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narutoshi","family":"Hibino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr461","article-title":"Reference values for exercise limitations among adults with congenital heart disease. Relation to activities of daily life\u2014single centre experience and review of published data","volume":"33","author":"Kempny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006651","article-title":"Determinants of left ventricular diastolic function and exertional symptoms in adults with coarctation of aorta","author":"Egbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1028","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: executive summary","volume":"73","author":"Stout","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq249","article-title":"ESC guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010): The Task Force on the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"31","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.05.007","article-title":"Epinephrine stress testing during cardiac catheterization in patients with aortic coarctation","volume":"225","author":"Meijs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2012.03572.x","article-title":"Isoproterenol stress test during catheterization of patients with coarctation of the aorta","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.09.018","article-title":"How successful is successful? Aortic arch shape after successful aortic coarctation repair correlates with left ventricular function","volume":"153","author":"Bruse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.07.021","article-title":"Late systemic hypertension and aortic arch geometry after successful repair of coarctation of the aorta","volume":"25","author":"Ou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.09.103","article-title":"Aorta size mismatch predicts decreased exercise capacity in patients with successfully repaired coarctation of the aorta","author":"Mandell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.05.002","article-title":"Why arch curvature affects arch resistance","volume":"154","author":"DeCampli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-015-0174-5","article-title":"4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement","author":"Dyverfeldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00107","article-title":"Using 4D cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to validate computational fluid dynamics: a case study","author":"Biglino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-017-0979-2","article-title":"Validation of numerical simulation methods in aortic arch using 4D Flow MRI","volume":"32","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.1310","article-title":"Valve-related hemodynamics mediate human bicuspid aortopathy: insights from wall shear stress mapping","volume":"66","author":"Guzzardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-011-0059-1","article-title":"Hemodynamic modeling of surgically repaired coarctation of the aorta","volume":"2","author":"Olivieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Eng Tech"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4004996","article-title":"Computational simulations for aortic coarctation: representative results from a sampling of patients","volume":"133","author":"LaDisa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75689-z","article-title":"Assessment of hemodynamic responses to exercise in aortic coarctation using MRI-ergometry in combination with computational fluid dynamics","volume":"10","author":"Schubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.5.2235","article-title":"Helical and retrograde secondary flow patterns in the aortic arch studied by three-directional magnetic resonance velocity mapping","volume":"88","author":"Kilner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal distribution on blood flow helicity in the healthy aorta","volume":"19","author":"Lorenz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28250","article-title":"Impact of age, sex, and global function on normal aortic hemodynamics","volume":"84","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139025","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of vortical blood flow in the thoracic aorta using 4D phase contrast MRI","volume":"10","author":"von Spiczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.02.127","article-title":"Time-resolved 3-dimensional magnetic resonance phase contrast imaging (4D Flow MRI) reveals altered blood flow patterns in the ascending aorta of patients with valve-sparing aortic root replacement","volume":"159","author":"Oechtering","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2353-6","article-title":"Interdependencies of aortic arch secondary flow patterns, geometry, and age analysed by 4-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla","volume":"22","author":"Frydrychowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3182034fc2","article-title":"Aortic hemodynamics in patients with and without repair of aortic coarctation: in vivo analysis by 4D flow-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"46","author":"Frydrychowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Radiol."},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007010","article-title":"Helicity and vorticity of pulmonary arterial flow in patients with pulmonary hypertension: quantitative analysis of flow formations","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.780247","article-title":"Magnetic resonance-derived 3-dimensional blood flow patterns in the main pulmonary artery as a marker of pulmonary hypertension and a measure of elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure","volume":"1","author":"Reiter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1883.0029","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels","volume":"174","author":"Reynolds","year":"1883","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22512","article-title":"Assessment of flow instabilities in the healthy aorta using flow-sensitive MRI","volume":"33","author":"Stalder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-010-0238-2","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into the physiological relevance of helical blood flow in the human aorta: an in vivo study","volume":"10","author":"Morbiducci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.61.5.902","article-title":"Responses of normal children and young adults to controlled bicycle exercise","volume":"61","author":"James","year":"1980","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2P2","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.129.2P2.S49","article-title":"Predicted values for clinical exercise testing","volume":"129","author":"Hansen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-51","article-title":"Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease","volume":"15","author":"Fratz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib33","series-title":"Fluid mechanics: fundamentals and applications","author":"Cengel","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-10-56","article-title":"Normal values for aortic diameters in children and adolescents\u2014assessment in vivo by contrast-enhanced CMR-angiography","volume":"10","author":"Kaiser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2807813","article-title":"Physiological recording in the MRI environment (PRiME): MRI-compatible hemodynamic recording system","volume":"6","author":"Kakareka","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from Gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst, Man, Cybern"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2019.336.345","article-title":"Multi-level image thresholding via nonlinear fitting of the histogram","volume":"16","author":"Ameer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00610-6","article-title":"Standardized image interpretation and post-processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance\u20142020 update: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR): Board of Trustees Task Force on Standardized Post-Processing","volume":"22","author":"Schulz-Menger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03182471","article-title":"Flow visualization of relaminarization phenomena in curved pipes and the related measurements","volume":"1","author":"Kurokawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1397","article-title":"Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.04.028","article-title":"Numerical and experimental assessment of turbulent kinetic energy in an aortic coarctation","volume":"46","author":"Lantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.10.034","article-title":"The role of imaging of flow patterns by 4D flow MRI in aortic stenosis","volume":"12","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1097664723004404?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1097664723004404?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:55:06Z","timestamp":1761094506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1097664723004404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1097664723004404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1097-6647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6647","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Altered hemodynamics by 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance predict exercise intolerance in repaired coarctation of the aorta: an in vitro study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12968-021-00796-3","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"99"}}