{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:29:32Z","timestamp":1791894572576,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a group of chronic heterogenous disorders that manifests as joint inflammation in patients aged &lt;16 years. Globally, approximately 3 million children and young adults are suffering from JIA with prevalence rates consistently higher in girls. The region of Africa and Middle East constitute a diverse group of ethnicities, socioeconomic conditions, and climates which influence the prevalence of JIA. There are only a few studies published on epidemiology of JIA in the region. There is an evident paucity of adequate and latest data from the region. This review summarizes the available data on the prevalence of JIA and its subtypes in Africa and Middle East and discusses unmet needs for patients in this region. A total of 8 journal publications were identified concerning epidemiology and 42 articles describing JIA subtypes from Africa and Middle East were included. The prevalence of JIA in Africa and Middle East was observed to be towards the lower range of the global estimate. We observed that the most prevalent subtype in the region was oligoarticular arthritis. The incidence of uveitis and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) positivity were found to be lower as compared to the incidence from other regions. There is a huge unmet medical need in the region for reliable epidemiological data, disease awareness, having regional and local treatment guidelines and timely diagnosis. Paucity of the pediatric rheumatologists and economic disparities also contribute to the challenges regarding the management of JIA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00650-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T12:03:30Z","timestamp":1638446610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Epidemiology and demographics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Africa and Middle East"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulaiman M.","family":"Al-Mayouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna","family":"Al Mutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenza","family":"Bouayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Habjoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djohra","family":"Hadef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala M.","family":"Lotfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiaan","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsadeg M.","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouran","family":"Tahoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"650_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-016-0040-4","volume":"3","author":"G Giancane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giancane G, Consolaro A, Lanni S, Davi S, Schiappapietra B, Ravelli A. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment. Rheumatol Ther. 2016;3:187\u2013207.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"9563","key":"650_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60363-8","volume":"369","author":"A Ravelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ravelli A, Martini A. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lancet. 2007;369(9563):767\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"650_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2018.02.005","volume":"32","author":"JL Jacobson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacobson JL, Pham JT. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Focus on Pharmacologic Management. J Pediatr Health Care. 2018;32(5):515\u201328.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"650_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325002014010101","volume":"14","author":"N Saad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saad N, Onel K. Overview of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 2020;14:101\u20139.","journal-title":"The Open Orthopaedics Journal."},{"key":"650_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstappen SM, Cobb J, Foster HE, Fu B, Baildam vhE, Wedderburn LR, et al. The association between low socioeconomic status with high physical limitations and low illness self-perception in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(3):382\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22466"},{"key":"650_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-020-00443-8","volume":"18","author":"M Dave","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dave M, Rankin J, Pearce M, Foster HE. Global prevalence estimates of three chronic musculoskeletal conditions: club foot, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2020;18:49.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"650_CR7","first-page":"408","volume":"16","author":"J McHugh","year":"2020","unstructured":"McHugh J. Global prevalence of JIA, JSLE and club foot. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(8):408.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.09.003","volume":"81","author":"S Thierry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thierry S, Fautrel B, Lemelle I, Guillemin F. Prevalence and incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81(2):112\u20137.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"650_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"650_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133858","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133858","volume":"10","author":"A Usenbo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Usenbo A, Kramer V, Young T, Musekiwa A. Prevalence of Arthritis in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0133858.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"650_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-015-0030-z","volume":"13","author":"R Abdwani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdwani R, Abdalla E, Al Abrawi S, Al-Zakwani I. Epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Oman. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2015;13:33.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"9","key":"650_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2707-2","volume":"33","author":"AM Abou El-Soud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abou El-Soud AM, El-Najjar AR, El-Shahawy EE, Amar HA, Hassan TH, Abd-Allaha SH, et al. Prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt: epidemiological study. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(9):2315\u201322.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"650_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748809105276","volume":"17","author":"FA Khuffash","year":"1988","unstructured":"Khuffash FA, Majeed HA. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis among Arab children. Scand J Rheumatol. 1988;17(5):393\u20135.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1990.11747439","volume":"10","author":"FA Khuffash","year":"1990","unstructured":"Khuffash FA, Majeed HA, Lubani MM, Najdi KN, Gunawardana SS, Bushnaq R. Epidemiology of juvenile chronic arthritis and other connective tissue diseases among children in Kuwait. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1990;10(3):255\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"650_CR15","first-page":"2445","volume":"25","author":"S Ozen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozen S, Karaaslan Y, Ozdemir O, Saatci U, Bakkaloglu A, Koroglu E, et al. Prevalence of juvenile chronic arthritis and familial Mediterranean fever in Turkey: a field study. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(12):2445\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"650_CR16","volume-title":"Rheumatic diseases in African children: A hospital based study inYaounde, Cameroon. Clinical Rheumatology","author":"M Singwe-Ngandeu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singwe-Ngandeu M, Mfegue Mengue AL, Ondoa Mekongo M, Ibrahima F, Mbassi Awa HD. Rheumatic diseases in African children: A hospital based study inYaounde, Cameroon. Clinical Rheumatology. 7th Congress of the African League of Associations for Rheumatology, AFLAR and 23rd Congress of the South African Rheumatism and Arthritis Association, SARAA Durban South Africa: Springer; 2013."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"650_CR17","first-page":"529","volume":"74","author":"MY Tayel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tayel MY, Tayel KY. Prevalence of juvenile chronic arthritis in school children aged 10 to 15 years in Alexandria. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1999;74(5-6):529\u201346.","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"650_CR18","first-page":"404","volume":"84","author":"M Singwe-Ngandeu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Singwe-Ngandeu M, Meli J, Ntsiba H, Nouedoui C, Yollo AV, Sida MB, et al. Rheumatic Diseases in Patients Attending a Clinic at a Referral Hospital in Yaounde. Cameroon East Afr Med J. 2007;84(9):404\u20139.","journal-title":"Cameroon East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"650_CR19","first-page":"195","volume":"20","author":"EJ Brewer Jr","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brewer EJ Jr, Bass J, Baum J, Cassidy JT, Fink C, Jacobs J, et al. Current proposed revision of JRA Criteria. JRA Criteria Subcommittee of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Section of The Arthritis Foundation. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20(2 Suppl):195\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"650_CR20","unstructured":"Wood PH. Special meeting on: nomenclature and classification of arthritis in children. In: Munthe E, ed. The care of rheumatic children, EULAR; Basel 1978. p. 47\u201350."},{"issue":"7","key":"650_CR21","first-page":"1520","volume":"29","author":"PJ Manners","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manners PJ, Bower C. Worldwide prevalence of juvenile arthritis why does it vary so much. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(7):1520\u201330.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"650_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30027-6","volume":"3","author":"A Consolaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Consolaro A, Giancane G, Alongi A, van Dijkhuizen EHP, Aggarwal A, Al-Mayouf SM, et al. Phenotypic variability and disparities in treatment and outcomes of childhood arthritis throughout the world: an observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3(4):255\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"650_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2841-6","volume":"34","author":"M Al Maini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al Maini M, Adelowo F, Al Saleh J, Al Weshahi Y, Burmester GR, Cutolo M, et al. The global challenges and opportunities in the practice of rheumatology: white paper by the World Forum on Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(5):819\u201329.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"650_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harper BD, Nganga W, Armstrong R, Forsyth KD, Ham HP, Keenan WJ, et al. Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2019;3(1):bmjpo-2018-000397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000397.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000397"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.019","volume":"136","author":"HS Abdillahi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abdillahi HS, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and phenolic contents of four Podocarpus species used in traditional medicine in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;136(3):496\u2013503.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"650_CR26","first-page":"379","volume":"6","author":"EJ Oberle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oberle EJ, Harris JG, Verbsky JW. Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis - epidemiology and management approaches. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:379\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"650_CR27","unstructured":"Briggs A, Slater H, Jordan J, Huckel Schneider C, Kopansky-Giles D, Sharma S, et al. Towards a global strategy to improve musculoskeletal health. Australia: Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health; 2021. Available at: https:\/\/gmusc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Final-report-with-metadata.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"650_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24436","volume":"73","author":"SM Al-Mayouf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Mayouf SM, Hashad S, Khawaja K, Alrasheedi A, Abdwani R, Abushhaiwia A, et al. Cumulative Damage in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Multicenter Study From the Pediatric Rheumatology Arab Group. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(4):586\u201392.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2871-4","volume":"34","author":"A Abdul-Sattar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdul-Sattar A, Magd SA, Negm MG. Associates of school impairment in Egyptian patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Sharkia Governorate. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(1):35\u201342.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"650_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-2950-1","volume":"34","author":"AB Abdul-Sattar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdul-Sattar AB, Elewa EA, El-Shahawy Eel D, Waly EH. Determinants of health-related quality of life impairment in Egyptian children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Sharkia Governorate. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(8):1095\u2013101.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3937-0","volume":"38","author":"MF Aiche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aiche MF, Djoudi H, Al-Mayouf S, Consolaro A, Bovis F, Ruperto N, et al. The Algerian Arabic version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):27\u201333.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"650_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13092","volume":"20","author":"M Al Marri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Marri M, Qari A, Al-Mayouf SM. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis in multiplex families: longitudinal follow-up. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(7):898\u2013902.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3965-9","volume":"38","author":"S Al-Abrawi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Abrawi S, Al-Mayouf SM, Abdwani R, Abdalla E, Consolaro A, Bovis F, et al. The Omani Arabic version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):299\u2013306.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"650_CR34","first-page":"7802957","volume":"2016","author":"MH Al-Hemairi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Hemairi MH, Albokhari SM, Muzaffer MA. The Pattern of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in a Single Tertiary Center in Saudi Arabia. Int J Inflam. 2016;2016:7802957.","journal-title":"Int J Inflam"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3979-3","volume":"38","author":"SM Al-Mayouf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Mayouf SM, AlE'ed A, Muzaffer M, Consolaro A, Bovis F, Ruperto N, et al. The Arabic version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):43\u20139.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"650_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4236\/ojra.2019.92007","volume":"9","author":"SM Albokhari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albokhari SM, Muzaffer MA. Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Western Saudi Arabia. Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis. 2019;9:69\u201383.","journal-title":"Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"650_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzyoud R, Alsuweiti MO, Almaaitah HQ, Aladaileh BN, Alnoubani MK, Alwahadneh AM. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Jordan: Single-Center Experience. Res Square. 2020:1\u201317.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-103495\/v1"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0672-y","volume":"29","author":"B Amine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amine B, Rostom S, Benbouazza K, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Health related quality of life survey about children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(3):275\u20139.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"650_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.413","volume":"17","author":"S Bahabri","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bahabri S, Al-Sewairi W, Al-Mazyad A, Karrar A, Al-Ballaa S, El-Ramahai K, et al. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: The Saudi Experience. Ann Saudi Med. 1997;17(4):413\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"650_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-2","volume":"13","author":"I Bouaddi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouaddi I, Rostom S, El Badri D, Hassani A, Chkirate B, Amine B, et al. Impact of juvenile idiopathic arthritis on schooling. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:2.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"650_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2017.05.007","volume":"59","author":"M Cakan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cakan M, Aktay-Ayaz N, Keskindemirci G, Ekinci DY, Karadag SG. Subtype frequencies, demographic features, and remission rates in juvenile idiopathic arthritis - 265 cases from a Turkish center. Turk J Pediatr. 2017;59(5):548\u201354.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-11-33","volume":"11","author":"J Chipeta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chipeta J, Njobvu P, Wa-Somwe S, Chintu C, McGill PE, Bucala R. Clinical patterns of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Zambia. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2013;11(1):33.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"650_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-12-S1-P179","volume":"12","author":"R Dagher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dagher R, Assi S. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a single center Lebanese study. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2014;12:179.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR44","first-page":"111","volume":"29","author":"E Demirkaya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demirkaya E, Ozen S, Bilginer Y, Ayaz NA, Makay BB, Unsal E, et al. The distribution of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the eastern Mediterranean: results from the registry of the Turkish Paediatric Rheumatology Association. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(1):111\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3982-8","volume":"38","author":"E Demirkaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Demirkaya E, Ozen S, Sozeri B, Ayaz NA, Kasapcopur O, Unsal E, et al. The Turkish version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):395\u2013402.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3949-9","volume":"38","author":"Y El Miedany","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Miedany Y, El Mikkawy DME, Youssef SS, El Gaafary M, Nassar N, Consolaro A, et al. The Egyptian Arabic version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):155\u201361.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-020-0418-2","volume":"18","author":"FF Furia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Furia FF, Godfrey E, Mwamanenge N, Swai P. Spectrum of paediatric rheumatic disorders at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2020;18(1):30.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3962-z","volume":"38","author":"S Hashad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashad S, Zletni MA, Al-Mayouf SM, Etayari H, Ibrahim E, Etfil M, et al. The Libyan Arabic version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):267\u201374.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21608\/ejpa.2018.10417","volume":"16","author":"ZM Hussein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussein ZM, Wagdy R, Shawki M, Zohni S, Shehawy I. The pattern of juvenile idiopathic arthritis; a retrospective Egyptian study. Egypt J Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018;16(1):7\u201314.","journal-title":"Egypt J Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04421-6","volume":"40","author":"SG Karadag","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karadag SG, Sonmez HE, Tanatar A, Cakmak F, Cakan M, Ayaz NA. Profile of new referrals to a single pediatric rheumatology center in Turkey. Rheumatol Int. 2020;40(2):313\u201321.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"650_CR51","first-page":"1035","volume":"41","author":"O Kasapcopur","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kasapcopur O, Yologlu N, Ozyazgan Y, Ercan G, Caliskan S, Sever L, et al. Uveitis and anti nuclear antibody positivity in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Indian Pediatr. 2004;41(10):1035\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0170-4","volume":"15","author":"K Khawaja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khawaja K, Al-Maini M. Access to pediatric rheumatology care for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the United Arab Emirates. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2017;15(1):41.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.21608\/zumj.2019.30951","volume":"25","author":"WE Mostafa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mostafa WE, Abdul-Sattar AB, Dawa GAE. Prevalence and Factors of Functional Disability in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Zagazig Univ Med J. 2019;25(3):456\u201363.","journal-title":"Zagazig Univ Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0139-3","volume":"15","author":"BH Olaosebikan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olaosebikan BH, Adelowo OO, Animashaun BA, Akintayo RO. Spectrum of paediatric rheumatic diseases in Nigeria. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2017;15(1):7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR55","first-page":"66","volume":"4","author":"GO Oyoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oyoo GO, Genga EK, Otieno FO, Omondi EA. Clinical patterns of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A single tertiary center experience in Kenya. Afr J Rheumatol. 2016;4(2):66\u201371.","journal-title":"Afr J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"650_CR56","first-page":"431","volume":"9","author":"H Ozdogan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ozdogan H, Kasapcopur O, Dede H, Arisoy N, Beceren T, Yurdakul S, et al. Juvenile chronic arthritis in a Turkish population. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991;9(4):431\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3980-x","volume":"38","author":"C Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott C, Okong'o L, Brice N, Murless S, Slamang W, Fadlelmola A, et al. The Afrikaans version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):19\u201326.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR58","first-page":"63","volume":"19","author":"V Sen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sen V, Ece A, Uluca U, Gunes A, Yel S, Tan I, et al. Evaluation of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in southeastern Turkey: a single center experience. Hippokratia. 2015;19(1):63\u20138.","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"650_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3958-8","volume":"38","author":"N Shafaie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shafaie N, Ziaee V, Aghighi Y, Raees Karami SR, Moradinejad MH, Consolaro A, et al. The Farsi version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR). Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):171\u20138.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-10-35","volume":"10","author":"K Weakley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weakley K, Esser M, Scott C. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis in two tertiary centres in the Western Cape. South Africa. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2012;10(1):35.","journal-title":"South Africa. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR61","first-page":"157","volume":"55","author":"GO Yener","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yener GO, Tekin ZE, Girisgen I, Cetin EN, Akdag B, Yuksel S. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a center in the Western Anatolia region in Turkey. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2020;55(2):157\u201365.","journal-title":"Turk Pediatri Ars"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2008.02543.x","volume":"50","author":"M Yilmaz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yilmaz M, Kendirli SG, Altintas DU, Karakoc GB, Inal A, Kilic M. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis profile in Turkish children. Pediatr Int. 2008;50(2):154\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2009.98.102","volume":"9","author":"S Salah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salah S, Hamshary A, Lofty H, Adbdel RH. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, the Egyptian Experience. J Med Sci. 2009;9(2):98\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"650_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24539","volume":"61","author":"K Oen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oen K, Tucker L, Huber AM, Miettunen P, Scuccimarri R, Campillo S, et al. Predictors of early inactive disease in a juvenile idiopathic arthritis cohort: results of a Canadian multicenter, prospective inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(8):1077\u201386.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-019-0078-4","volume":"59","author":"V Schinzel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schinzel V, da Silva SGL, Terreri MT, Len CA. Prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in schoolchildren from the city of Sao Paulo, the largest city in Latin America. Adv Rheumatol. 2019;59(1):32.","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"650_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22709","volume":"56","author":"RK Saurenmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saurenmann RK, Rose JB, Tyrrell P, Feldman BM, Laxer RM, Schneider R, et al. Epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a multiethnic cohort: ethnicity as a risk factor. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):1974\u201384.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"13","key":"650_CR67","first-page":"510","volume":"65","author":"IE Haffejee","year":"1984","unstructured":"Haffejee IE, Raga J, Coovadia HM. Juvenile chronic arthritis in black and Indian South African children. S Afr Med J. 1984;65(13):510\u20134.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"650_CR68","first-page":"1826","volume":"24","author":"MM Schwartz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwartz MM, Simpson P, Kerr KL, Jarvis JN. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in African Americans. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(9):1826\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR69","first-page":"597","volume":"33","author":"SM Al-Mayouf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Mayouf SM, Madi SM, AlMane K, Al JS. Comparison of clinical and laboratory variables in familial versus sporadic systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(3):597\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"650_CR70","unstructured":"Aviel YB, Ofir A, Ben-Izhak O, Vlodavsky E, Karbian N, Brik R, et al. A novel loss-of-function mutation in LACC1 underlies hereditary juvenile arthritis with extended intra-familial phenotypic heterogeneity. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38877","volume":"67","author":"SM Wakil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wakil SM, Monies DM, Abouelhoda M, Al-Tassan N, Al-Dusery H, Naim EA, et al. Association of a mutation in LACC1 with a monogenic form of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(1):288\u201395.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13167","volume":"14","author":"VL Kronzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kronzer VL, Bridges SL Jr, Davis JM 3rd. Why women have more autoimmune diseases than men: An evolutionary perspective. Evol Appl. 2021;14(3):629\u201333.","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"issue":"12-13","key":"650_CR73","first-page":"866","volume":"137","author":"KH Orstavik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Orstavik KH. Why are autoimmune diseases more prevalent in women. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2017;137(12-13):866\u20138.","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"issue":"4","key":"650_CR74","first-page":"e79","volume":"4","author":"A Tincani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tincani A, Gerardl MC, Fredl M, Andreoll L. Gender differences in rheumatology and the point of view of the Italian Society for Rheumatology (SIR). Ital J Gend Specif Med. 2018;4(4):e79\u201388.","journal-title":"Ital J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"650_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-9-26","volume":"9","author":"M Henrickson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henrickson M. Policy challenges for the pediatric rheumatology workforce: Part III. the international situation. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2011;9:26.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"4","key":"650_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210112","volume":"76","author":"HE Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster HE, Minden K, Clemente D, Leon L, McDonagh JE, Kamphuis S, et al. EULAR\/PReS standards and recommendations for the transitional care of young people with juvenile-onset rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(4):639\u201346.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"650_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23870","volume":"71","author":"S Ringold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ringold S, Angeles-Han ST, Beukelman T, Lovell D, Cuello CA, Becker ML, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology\/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Therapeutic Approaches for Non-Systemic Polyarthritis, Sacroiliitis, and Enthesitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(6):717\u201334.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"10","key":"650_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38092","volume":"65","author":"S Ringold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ringold S, Weiss PF, Beukelman T, DeWitt EM, Ilowite NT, Kimura Y, et al. 2013 update of the 2011 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: recommendations for the medical therapy of children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and tuberculosis screening among children receiving biologic medications. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(10):2499\u2013512.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"650_CR79","unstructured":"Guide De L\u2019arthrite Juvenile Idiopathique: Groupe De Rhumatologie Pediatrique; 2020. Published by: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9Alg\u00e9rienne de P\u00e9diatrie, Available at: https:\/\/www.sapediatrie-dz.com\/site\/congres.php."},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4304-y","volume":"38","author":"C Scott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scott C, Chan M, Slamang W, Okong'o L, Petty R, Laxer RM, et al. Juvenile arthritis management in less resourced countries (JAMLess): consensus recommendations from the Cradle of Humankind. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(2):563\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"650_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101566","volume":"34","author":"HE Foster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foster HE, Scott C, Tiderius CJ, Dobbs MB. Members of the Paediatric Global Musculoskeletal Task F. Improving musculoskeletal health for children and young people - A 'call to action'. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020;34(5):101566.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00557-7","volume":"19","author":"AN Migowa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Migowa AN, Hadef D, Hamdi W, Mwizerwa O, Ngandeu M, Taha Y, et al. Pediatric rheumatology in Africa: thriving amidst challenges. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2021;19(1):69.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12969-021-00650-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12969-021-00650-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12969-021-00650-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T04:52:13Z","timestamp":1676004733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12969-021-00650-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12969-021-00650-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-0096"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-0096","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors have read and agreed to the publication of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Sara Habjoka and Nouran Tahoun are employees of Pfizer Ltd. All other authors report no potential conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"166"}}