{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:21:32Z","timestamp":1790461292648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Rheumatol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-026-01197-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:26:22Z","timestamp":1772720782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neutrophil extracellular traps-associated candidate genes in IgA vasculitis: an exploratory multi-omics analysis integrating transcriptomics and Mendelian randomization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Liyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046300","volume":"65","author":"S Ozen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozen S, Ruperto N, Dillon MJ, Bagga A, Barron K, Davin JC, Kawasaki T, Lindsley C, Petty RE, Prieur AM, et al. EULAR\/PReS endorsed consensus criteria for the classification of childhood vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:936\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771619","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771619","volume":"12","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Huang X, Yu G, Qiao J, Cheng J, Wu J, Chen J. Pathogenesis of IgA Vasculitis: An Up-To-Date Review. Front Immunol. 2021;12:771619.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011050464","volume":"22","author":"H Suzuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suzuki H, Kiryluk K, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Herr AB, Renfrow MB, Wyatt RJ, Scolari F, Mestecky J, Gharavi AG, Julian BA. The Pathophysiology of IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:1795\u2013803.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1197_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, Weinrauch Y, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria. Science. 2004;303:1532\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1959","volume":"15","author":"K Kessenbrock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kessenbrock K, Krumbholz M, Sch\u00f6nermarck U, Back W, Gross WL, Werb Z, Gr\u00f6ne H, Brinkmann V, Jenne DE. Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis. Nat Med. 2009;15:623\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1197_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guliyeva V, Demirkan FG, Bekta\u015f E, Deniz R, Emrence Z, Akg\u00fcn \u00d6, Ar\u0131k SD, Do\u011fru A, Tanatar A, Abac\u0131 N, et al. NETs in the spotlight: exploring NETosis markers for tracking disease activity in IgA vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025:f272.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf272"},{"key":"1197_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300436","volume":"191","author":"C Farrera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farrera C, Fadeel B. Macrophage Clearance of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Is a Silent Process. J Immunol. 2013;191:2647\u201356.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2021-3","volume":"10","author":"C Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia C, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhuge Y, Chen H, Qian F, Zhou K, Niu C, Wang F, Qiu H, et al. Endothelial cell pyroptosis plays an important role in Kawasaki disease via HMGB1\/RAGE\/cathespin B signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:778.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1197_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, Paulovich A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Lander ES, Mesirov JP. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:15545\u201315550.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102"},{"key":"1197_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-7","volume":"14","author":"S H\u00e4nzelmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e4nzelmann S, Castelo R, Guinney J. GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-Seq data. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013;14:7.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1197_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D991","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1193","volume":"41","author":"T Barrett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim IF, Tomashevsky M, Marshall KA, Phillippy KH, Sherman PM, Holko M, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets\u2013update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D991\u20135.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1197_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finan C, Gaulton A, Kruger FA, Lumbers RT, Shah T, Engmann J, Galver L, Kelley R, Karlsson A, Santos R, et al. The druggable genome and support for target identification and validation in drug development. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1166"},{"key":"1197_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f3041","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf3041","volume":"376","author":"S Yazar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yazar S, Alquicira-Hernandez J, Wing K, Senabouth A, Gordon MG, Andersen S, Lu Q, Rowson A, Taylor TRP, Clarke L, et al. Single-cell eQTL mapping identifies cell type-specific genetic control of autoimmune disease. Science. 2022;376:f3041.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1197_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","volume":"43","author":"ME Ritchie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, Hu Y, Law CW, Shi W. Smyth GK: limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:e47.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1197_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3506","volume":"48","author":"A Gusev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gusev A, Ko A, Shi H, Bhatia G, Chung W, Penninx BWJH, Jansen R, de Geus EJC, Boomsma DI, Wright FA, et al. Integrative approaches for large-scale transcriptome-wide association studies. Nat Genet. 2016;48:245\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1197_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq151","volume":"40","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pierce BL, Ahsan H, VanderWeele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:740\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1197_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq151","volume":"40","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:740\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1197_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG. Mendelian Randomization Analysis With Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37:658\u201365.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"1197_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40:304\u201314.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"1197_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen C, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50:693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1197_CR21","first-page":"100141","volume":"2","author":"T Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu T, Hu E, Xu S, Chen M, Guo P, Dai Z, Feng T, Zhou L, Tang W, Zhan L, et al. clusterProfiler 4.0: A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data. Innov (N Y). 2021;2:100141.","journal-title":"Innov (N Y)"},{"key":"1197_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2019.03.003","volume":"8","author":"CS McGinnis","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGinnis CS, Murrow LM, Gartner ZJ. DoubletFinder: Doublet Detection in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Using Artificial Nearest Neighbors. Cell Syst. 2019;8:329\u201337.","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"1197_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","volume":"16","author":"I Korsunsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korsunsky I, Millard N, Fan J, Slowikowski K, Zhang F, Wei K, Baglaenko Y, Brenner M, Loh P, Raychaudhuri S. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat Methods. 2019;16:1289\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1197_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin S, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Zhang L, Chang I, Ramos R, Kuan C, Myung P, Plikus MV, Nie Q. Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat. Nat Commun. 2021;12:1088.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1197_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guliyeva V, Demirkan FG, Bekta\u015f E, Deniz R, Emrence Z, Akg\u00fcn \u00d6, Ar\u0131k SD, Do\u011fru A, Tanatar A, Abac\u0131 N, et al. NETs in the spotlight: exploring NETosis markers for tracking disease activity in IgA vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025:f272.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf272"},{"key":"1197_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacey HD, Golubeva D, Posca A, Ang JC, Novakowski KE, Zahoor MA, Kaushic C, Cairns E, Bowdish DME, Mullarkey CE, Miller MS. IgA potentiates NETosis in response to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2101497118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101497118"},{"key":"1197_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e27","volume":"18","author":"JS Roh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roh JS, Sohn DH. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases. Immune Netw. 2018;18:e27.","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"1197_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6303","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176303","volume":"21","author":"N Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li N, Geng C, Hou S, Fan H, Gong Y. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Their Signaling Pathways in Primary Blast Lung Injury: New Research Progress and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:6303.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1197_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1921174","volume":"41","author":"AU Morales-Primo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Zamora-Chimal J. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated molecules: a review on their immunophysiological and inflammatory roles. Int Rev Immunol. 2021;41:253\u201374.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000639","volume":"5","author":"CF Urban","year":"2009","unstructured":"Urban CF, Ermert D, Schmid M, Abu-Abed U, Goosmann C, Nacken W, Brinkmann V, Jungblut PR, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000639.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1197_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176150","volume":"21","author":"K Hally","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hally K, Fauteux-Daniel S, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Larsen P, Cognasse F. Revisiting Platelets and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs): At the Interface of Vascular Immunity and Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:6150.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1197_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/41131","volume":"388","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"1997","unstructured":"Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature. 1997;388:394\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1197_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.5.1860.h81702001860_1860_1868","volume":"100","author":"EA Kurt-Jones","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kurt-Jones EA, Mandell L, Whitney C, Padgett A, Gosselin K, Newburger PE, Finberg RW. Role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in neutrophil activation: GM-CSF enhances TLR2 expression and TLR2-mediated interleukin 8 responses in neutrophils. Blood. 2002;100:1860\u20138.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1197_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-12-0921","volume":"117","author":"TJ Stocker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stocker TJ, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Massberg S, Schulz C. Small but mighty: Platelets as central effectors of host defense. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117:651\u201361.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"1197_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190002","volume":"12","author":"F Noll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noll F, Behnke J, Leiting S, Troidl K, Alves GT, M\u00fcller-Redetzky H, Preissner KT, Fischer S. Self-extracellular RNA acts in synergy with exogenous danger signals to promote inflammation. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e190002.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1197_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.11.004","volume":"54","author":"K Rajarathnam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajarathnam K, Schnoor M, Richardson RM, Rajagopal S. How do chemokines navigate neutrophils to the target site: Dissecting the structural mechanisms and signaling pathways. Cell Signal. 2019;54:69\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"1197_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0316-6","volume":"12","author":"F Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhao Y, Jiao T, Shi D, Zhu X, Zhang M, Shi M, Zhou H. CXCR2 is essential for cerebral endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment during neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:98.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1197_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollomp K, Kim M, Johnston I, Hayes V, Welsh J, Arepally GM, Kahn M, Lambert MP, Cuker A, Cines DB, et al. Neutrophil accumulation and NET release contribute to thrombosis in HIT. JCI Insight. 2018;3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99445"},{"key":"1197_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/173026","volume":"2014","author":"AA Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan AA, Sandhya VK, Singh P, Parthasarathy D, Kumar A, Advani J, Gattu R, Ranjit DV, Vaidyanathan R, Mathur PP, et al. Signaling Network Map of Endothelial TEK Tyrosine Kinase. J Signal Transduct. 2014;2014:1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Signal Transduct"},{"key":"1197_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenzel J, Spyropoulos D, Assmann JC, Khan MA, St\u00f6lting I, Lembrich B, Krei\u00dfig S, Ridder DA, Isermann B, Schwaninger M: Endogenous THBD (Thrombomodulin) mediates angiogenesis in the ischemic brain\u2014brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:2837\u20132844.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315061"},{"key":"1197_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00230-6","volume":"101","author":"MWJ Boehme","year":"1996","unstructured":"Boehme MWJ, Schmitt WH, Youinou P, Stremmel WR, Gross WL. Clinical relevance of elevated serum thrombomodulin and soluble E-selectin in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis and other systemic vasculitides. Am J Med. 1996;101:387\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1197_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.3.240","volume":"78","author":"M Fujieda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fujieda M, Oishi N, Naruse K, Hashizume M, Nishiya K, Kurashige T, Ito K. Soluble thrombomodulin and antibodies to bovine glomerular endothelial cells in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:240\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1197_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800159","volume":"203","author":"B Lazzaretto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lazzaretto B, Fadeel B. Intra- and Extracellular Degradation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. J Immunol. 2019;203:2276\u201390.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh414","volume":"44","author":"X Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang X. Localization of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) and citrullinated protein in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:40\u201350.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"1197_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00321","volume":"4","author":"S Tsai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsai S, Santamaria P. MHC Class II Polymorphisms, Autoreactive?T-Cells, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2013;4:321.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g3358","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aag3358","volume":"2","author":"C Carmona-Rivera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carmona-Rivera C, Carlucci PM, Moore E, Lingampalli N, Uchtenhagen H, James E, Liu Y, Bicker KL, Wahamaa H, Hoffmann V, et al. Synovial fibroblast-neutrophil interactions promote pathogenic adaptive immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Immunol. 2017;2:g3358.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.037","volume":"8","author":"S Stosic-Grujicic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stosic-Grujicic S, Stojanovic I, Nicoletti F. MIF in autoimmunity and novel therapeutic approaches. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8:244\u20139.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"1197_CR48","first-page":"683","volume":"26","author":"M Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu M, Hou G, Yang X, Zhang Q, Mei X, Ding Y, Song L, Huang Y. Exploring the mechanism of IgA vasculitis pathogenesis through the interaction of thrombin and inflammatory factors using urinary proteomics. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi\u2009=\u2009Chinese. J Contemp Pediatr. 2024;26:683\u20139.","journal-title":"J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"1197_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.039","volume":"239","author":"TH Wirtz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wirtz TH, Tillmann S, Mann TS, Kraemer S, Heemskerk JWM, Grottke O, Gawaz M, von Hundelshausen P, Bernhagen J. Platelet-derived MIF: A novel platelet chemokine with distinct recruitment properties. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"1197_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501634","volume":"196","author":"RC Winger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winger RC, Harp CT, Chiang M, Sullivan DP, Watson RL, Weber EW, Podojil JR, Miller SD, Muller WA. Cutting Edge: CD99 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Control of T Cell\u2013Mediated Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease. J Immunol. 2016;196:1443\u20138.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14451","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3107-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"SA Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin SA, Sens MA, Combs CK. Amyloid Precursor Protein Mediates a Tyrosine Kinase-Dependent Activation Response in Endothelial Cells. J Neurosci. 2009;29:14451\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1197_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100924","volume":"209","author":"S Mayer-Hain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayer-Hain S, Gebhardt K, Neufeld M, Ehrchen JM, Molyneux K, Barratt J, Nattkemper E, Gerloff D, Roth J, Vogl T, et al. Systemic Activation of Neutrophils by Immune Complexes Is Critical to IgA Vasculitis. J Immunol. 2022;209:1048\u201358.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamo T, Tasaka S, Tokuda Y, Suzuki S, Asakura T, Yagi K, Namkoong H, Ishii M, Hasegawa N, Betsuyaku T. Levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with various inflammatory lung diseases. Clin Med Insights: Circ Respir Pulm Med. 2015;9s1:S23326.","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRPM.S23326"},{"key":"1197_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084383","volume":"25","author":"M Held","year":"2024","unstructured":"Held M, Kozmar A, Sestan M, Turudic D, Kifer N, Srsen S, Gagro A, Frkovic M, Jelusic M. Insight into the Interplay of Gd-IgA1, HMGB1, RAGE and PCDH1 in IgA Vasculitis (IgAV). Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:4383.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1197_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1394","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi1394","volume":"9","author":"AJ Ablooglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ablooglu AJ, Desai A, Yoo J, Park CH, Lee E, Kim BY, Park H, Lee YA, Shim SR, Lee WS, Druey KM. A ligand-independent Tie2-activating antibody reduces vascular leakage in models of Clarkson disease. Sci Adv. 2023;9:i1394.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"1197_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R261","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10523","volume":"15","author":"P K\u00fcmpers","year":"2011","unstructured":"K\u00fcmpers P, Gueler F, David S, Van Slyke P, Dumont DJ, Park J, Bockmeyer CL, Parikh SM, Pavenst\u00e4dt H, Haller H, Shushakova N. The synthetic Tie2 agonist peptide vasculotide protects against vascular leakage and reduces mortality in murine abdominal sepsis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R261.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1197_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020541","volume":"9","author":"S Mertowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mertowski S, Grywalska E, Gosik K, Smarz-Widelska I, Hymos A, Dworacki G, Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej P, Drop B, Roli\u0144ski J, Za\u0142uska W. TLR2 Expression on Select Lymphocyte Subsets as a New Marker in Glomerulonephritis. J Clin Med. 2020;9:541.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1197_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0031","volume":"31","author":"J Suh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suh J, Hahn W, Cho B. Polymorphisms ofCXCL8 and Its ReceptorCXCR2 Contribute to the Development and Progression of Childhood IgA Nephropathy. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31:309\u201315.","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"1197_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0031","volume":"31","author":"J Suh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suh J, Hahn W, Cho B. Polymorphisms ofCXCL8 and Its ReceptorCXCR2 Contribute to the Development and Progression of Childhood IgA Nephropathy. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31:309\u201315.","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"1197_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-14-S4-268","volume":"14","author":"K Zycinska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zycinska K, Wardyn KA, Zielonka TM, Krupa R, Lukas W. Clinical implications of serum thrombomodulin in PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. Eur J Med Res. 2009;14:268.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"1197_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47120999","volume":"47","author":"A Stoimeni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stoimeni A, Gkiourtzis N, Karatisidou V, Charitakis N, Makedou K, Tramma D, Panagopoulou P. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pediatric Infections: A Systematic Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47:999.","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"1197_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.02125","volume":"36","author":"M Garley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garley M, Omeljaniuk WJ, Motkowski R, Ratajczak-Wrona W, Jab\u0142o\u0144ska E, Filipkowski D, Charkiewicz AE. Immunoaging \u2013 the effect of age on serum levels of NET biomarkers in men: a pilot study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36:333\u201348.","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"1197_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010043","volume":"9","author":"D Appelgren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Appelgren D, Enocsson H, Skogman BH, Nordberg M, Perander L, Nyman D, Nyberg C, Knopf J, Mu\u00f1oz LE, Sj\u00f6wall C, Sj\u00f6wall J. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the cerebrospinal fluid samples from children and adults with central nervous system infections. Cells. 2020;9:43.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1197_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003566","volume":"9","author":"UM Marigorta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marigorta UM, Navarro A. High Trans-ethnic Replicability of GWAS Results Implies Common Causal Variants. PLoS Genet. 2013;9:e1003566.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1197_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu X, Zhao J, Lin Z, Wang Y, Peng H, Zhao H, Wan X, Yang C. Mendelian randomization for causal inference accounting for pleiotropy and sample structure using genome-wide summary statistics. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2022;119:e2106858119.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106858119"},{"key":"1197_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084383","volume":"25","author":"M Held","year":"2024","unstructured":"Held M, Kozmar A, Sestan M, Turudic D, Kifer N, Srsen S, Gagro A, Frkovic M, Jelusic M. Insight into the Interplay of Gd-IgA1, HMGB1, RAGE and PCDH1 in IgA Vasculitis (IgAV). Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:4383.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1197_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.3.240","volume":"78","author":"M Fujieda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fujieda M, Oishi N, Naruse K, Hashizume M, Nishiya K, Kurashige T, Ito K. Soluble thrombomodulin and antibodies to bovine glomerular endothelial cells in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:240\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1197_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576371","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1576371","volume":"16","author":"G Fousteri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fousteri G, Jones M, Novelli R, Boccella S, Brandolini L, Aramini A, Pozzilli P, Allegretti M. Beyond inflammation: the multifaceted therapeutic potential of targeting the CXCL8-CXCR1\/2 axis in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1576371.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1197_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21553","volume":"39","author":"MA Anwar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anwar MA, Shah M, Kim J, Choi S. Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics. Med Res Rev. 2019;39:1053\u201390.","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12969-026-01197-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12969-026-01197-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12969-026-01197-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:03:47Z","timestamp":1776085427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12969-026-01197-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12969-026-01197-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-0096"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-0096","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In accordance with local legislative and institutional requirements, this study involving human participants did not require formal ethical approval. Under applicable national regulations and institutional guidelines, the research was exempt from obtaining written informed consent from the participants or their legal guardians\/close relatives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23"}}