{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:08:55Z","timestamp":1787501335896,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1412174275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The kynurenine pathway is involved in bacterial meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Leonam G","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Christen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline L","family":"Bellac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcia Lima","family":"Fontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fladjule Rejane Soares","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Grandgirard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L","family":"Leib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucymara F","family":"Agnez-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000239434.26669.65","volume":"34","author":"M Auburtin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Auburtin M, Wolff M, Charpentier J, Varon E, Le Tulzo Y, Girault C, Mohammedi I, Renard B, Mourvillier B, Bruneel F, Ricard JD, Timsit JF: Detrimental role of delayed antibiotic administration and penicillin-nonsusceptible strains in adult intensive care unit patients with pneumococcal meningitis: the PNEUMOREA prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34: 2758-2765. 10.1097\/01.CCM.0000239434.26669.65.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"169_CR2","first-page":"100","volume":"17","author":"H Bedford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bedford H: Prevention, treatment and outcomes of bacterial meningitis in childhood. Prof Nurse. 2001, 17: 100-102.","journal-title":"Prof Nurse"},{"key":"169_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00031-3","volume":"112","author":"P Lepage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lepage P, Dan B: Infantile and childhood bacterial meningitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013, 112: 1115-1125. 10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00031-3.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"169_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182909f2f","volume":"72","author":"JW Neal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neal JW, Gasque P: How does the brain limit the severity of inflammation and tissue injury during bacterial meningitis?. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2013, 72: 370-385. 10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182909f2f.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"169_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.07.014","volume":"24","author":"CL Bellac","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bellac CL, Coimbra RS, Christen S, Leib SL: Pneumococcal meningitis causes accumulation of neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites in brain regions prone to injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2006, 24: 395-402. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.07.014.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"169_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181f7e7e9","volume":"69","author":"CL Bellac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bellac CL, Coimbra RS, Christen S, Leib SL: Inhibition of the kynurenine-NAD\u2009+\u2009pathway leads to energy failure and exacerbates apoptosis in pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010, 69: 1096-1104. 10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181f7e7e9.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"169_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1602-1","volume":"45","author":"AA Fatokun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fatokun AA, Hunt NH, Ball HJ: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and the kynurenine pathway: characteristics and potential roles in health and disease. Amino Acids. 2013, 45: 1319-1329. 10.1007\/s00726-013-1602-1.","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"169_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0681-y","volume":"119","author":"Y M\u00e1ndi","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00e1ndi Y, V\u00e9csei L: The kynurenine system and immunoregulation. J Neural Transm. 2012, 119: 197-209. 10.1007\/s00702-011-0681-y.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"169_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00012","volume":"8","author":"BM Campbell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campbell BM, Charych E, Lee AW, M\u00f6ller T: Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines. Front Neurosci. 2014, 8: 12-10.3389\/fnins.2014.00012.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"169_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646909","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/646909","volume":"2014","author":"J Reyes Ocampo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reyes Ocampo J, Lugo Huitr\u00f3n R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Esquivel D, Ugalde-Mu\u00f1iz P, Jim\u00e9nez-Anguiano A, Pineda B, Pedraza-Chaverri J, R\u00edos C, P\u00e9rez de la Cruz V: Kynurenines with neuroactive and redox properties: relevance to aging and brain diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014, 2014: 646909-10.1155\/2014\/646909.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"169_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.166","volume":"173","author":"SL Leib","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leib SL, Kim YS, Ferriero DM, Tauber MG: Neuroprotective effect of excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid in experimental bacterial meningitis. J Infect Dis. 1996, 173: 166-171. 10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.166.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"169_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_12","volume":"527","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Smith DG, Smythe GA, Armati PJ, Brew BJ: Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzymes in human microglia and macrophages. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003, 527: 105-512. 10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_12.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"169_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20090","volume":"49","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Smythe G, Takikawa O, Brew BJ: Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and production of quinolinic acid by human microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Glia. 2005, 49: 15-23. 10.1002\/glia.20090.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"169_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9051-z","volume":"16","author":"N Braidy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Braidy N, Grant R, Adams S, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: Mechanism for quinolinic acid cytotoxicity in human astrocytes and neurons. Neurotox Res. 2009, 16: 77-86. 10.1007\/s12640-009-9051-z.","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"169_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00703.x","volume":"23","author":"B Man\u00e9glier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Man\u00e9glier B, Malleret B, Guillemin GJ, Spreux-Varoquaux O, Devillier P, Rogez-Kreuz C, Porcheray F, Th\u00e9rond P, Dormont D, Clayette P: Modulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase expression and activity by HIV-1 in human macrophages. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2009, 23: 573-581. 10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00703.x.","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"169_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00005","volume":"22","author":"U Koedel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koedel U, Winkler F, Angele B, Fontana A, Pfister HW: Meningitis-associated central nervous system complications are mediated by the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002, 22: 39-49. 10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00005.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"169_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2163","volume":"7","author":"P Puccetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puccetti P, Grohmann U: IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007, 7: 817-823. 10.1038\/nri2163.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"169_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603503200","volume":"281","author":"J Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang J, Simonavicius N, Wu X, Swaminath G, Reagan J, Tian H, Ling L: Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 22021-22028. 10.1074\/jbc.M603503200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"169_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.191","volume":"32","author":"YC Hsieh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hsieh YC, Chen RF, Yeh YS, Lin MT, Hsieh JH, Chen SH: Kynurenic acid attenuates multiorgan dysfunction in rats after heatstroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011, 32: 167-174. 10.1038\/aps.2010.191.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"169_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-51","volume":"12","author":"FR de Souza","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Souza FR, Fontes FL, da Silva TA, Coutinho LG, Leib SL, Agnez-Lima LF: Association of kynurenine aminotransferase II gene C401T polymorphism with immune response in patients with meningitis. BMC Med Genet. 2011, 12: 51-10.1186\/1471-2350-12-51.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"169_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.7.13.8405808","volume":"7","author":"L Mucke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mucke L, Eddleston M: Astrocytes in infectious and immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system. Faseb J. 1993, 7: 1226-1232.","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"169_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17375","volume":"32","author":"H Schroten","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schroten H, Spors B, Hucke C, Stins M, Kim KS, Adam R, D\u00e4ubener W: Potential role of human brain microvascular endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of brain abscess: inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Neuropediatrics. 2001, 32: 206-210. 10.1055\/s-2001-17375.","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"169_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-02-0140","volume":"94","author":"R Adam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adam R, R\u00fcssing D, Adams O, Ailyati A, Sik Kim K, Schroten H, D\u00e4ubener W: Role of human brain microvascular endothelial cells during central nervous system infection. Significance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immunoregulation. Thromb Haemost. 2005, 94: 341-346.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"169_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.5.1249","volume":"115","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, Larsen SA, Lee K, Leonard HL, Markey SP, Martin A, Milstein S, Mouradian MM, Pranzatelli MR, Quearry BJ, Salazar A, Smith M, Strauss SE, Sunderland T, Swedo SW, Tourtellotte WW: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992, 115: 1249-1273. 10.1093\/brain\/115.5.1249.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"169_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.2.349","volume":"16","author":"Y Hiraku","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hiraku Y, Inoue S, Oikawa S, Yamamoto K, Tada S, Nishino K, Kawanishi S: Metal-mediated oxidative damage to cellular and isolated DNA by certain tryptophan metabolites. Carcinogenesis. 1995, 16: 349-356. 10.1093\/carcin\/16.2.349.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"169_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7266","DOI":"10.1021\/bi992997s","volume":"39","author":"LE Goldstein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goldstein LE, Leopold MC, Huang X, Atwood CS, Saunders AJ, Hartshorn M, Lim JT, Faget KY, Muffat JA, Scarpa RC, Chylack LT, Bowden EF, Tanzi RE, Bush AI: 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid generate hydrogen peroxide and promote alpha-crystallin cross-linking by metal ion reduction. Biochemistry. 2000, 39: 7266-7275. 10.1021\/bi992997s.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"169_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2506","volume":"87","author":"S Christen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Christen S, Peterhans E, Stocker R: Antioxidant activities of some tryptophan metabolites: possible implication for inflammatory diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990, 87: 2506-2510. 10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2506.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"169_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.04.017","volume":"50","author":"G Leipnitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leipnitz G, Schumacher C, Dalcin KB, Scussiato K, Solano A, Funchal C, Dutra-Filho CS, Wyse AT, Wannmacher CM, Latini A, Wajner M: In vitro evidence for an antioxidant role of 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the brain. Neurochem Int. 2007, 50: 83-94. 10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.04.017.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"169_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4709-9_67","volume":"467","author":"SR Thomas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thomas SR, Stocker R: Antioxidant activities and redox regulation of interferon-gamma-induced tryptophan metabolism in human monocytes and macrophages. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999, 467: 541-552. 10.1007\/978-1-4615-4709-9_67.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"169_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00464-7","volume":"66","author":"R Grant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grant R, Kapoor V: Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in IFN-gamma stimulated astroglioma cells decreases intracellular NAD levels. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003, 66: 1033-1036. 10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00464-7.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"169_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00673.x","volume":"225","author":"J Wennekamp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wennekamp J, Henneke P: Induction and termination of inflammatory signaling in group B streptococcal sepsis. Immunol Rev. 2008, 225: 114-127. 10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00673.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"169_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.3.877-881.1997","volume":"65","author":"RF Kornelisse","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kornelisse RF, Hack CE, Savelkoul HF, van der Pouw Kraan TC, Hop WC, van Mierlo G, Suur MH, Neijens HJ, de Groot R: Intrathecal production of interleukin-12 and gamma interferon in patients with bacterial meningitis. Infect Immun. 1997, 65: 877-881.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"169_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549409011777","volume":"26","author":"M Glimaker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Glimaker M, Olc\u00e9n P, Andersson B: Interferon-gamma in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with viral and bacterial meningitis. Scand J Infec Dis. 1994, 26: 141-147. 10.3109\/00365549409011777.","journal-title":"Scand J Infec Dis"},{"key":"169_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201687","volume":"189","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitchell AJ, Yau B, McQuillan JA, Ball HJ, Too LK, Abtin A, Hertzog P, Leib SL, Jones CA, Gerega SK, Weninger W, Hunt NH: Inflammasome-dependent IFN-\u03b3 drives pathogenesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. J Immunol. 2012, 189: 4970-4980. 10.4049\/jimmunol.1201687.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"169_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.02.020","volume":"40","author":"LK Too","year":"2014","unstructured":"Too LK, Ball HJ, McGregor IS, Hunt NH: The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma is an important driver of neuropathology and behavioural sequelae in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2014, 40: 252-268. 10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.02.020.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"169_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.05.018","volume":"270","author":"LK Too","year":"2014","unstructured":"Too LK, McQuillan JA, Ball HJ, Kanai M, Nakamura T, Funakoshi H, McGregor IS, Hunt NH: The kynurenine pathway contributes to long-term neuropsychological changes in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Behav Brain Res. 2014, 270: 179-195. 10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.05.018.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"169_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm680","volume":"35","author":"J Kralovicova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kralovicova J, Vorechovsky I: Global control of aberrant splice-site activation by auxiliary splicing sequences: evidence for a gradient in exon and intron definition. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, 35: 6399-6413. 10.1093\/nar\/gkm680.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"169_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.02.016","volume":"36","author":"NH Hunt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hunt NH, Golenser J, Chan-Ling T, Parekh S, Rae C, Potter S, Medana IM, Miu J, Ball HJ: Immunopathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Int J Parasitol. 2006, 36: 569-582. 10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.02.016.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"169_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2723-2730.2004","volume":"72","author":"C Hucke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hucke C, MacKenzie CR, Adjogble KD, Takikawa O, Daubener W: Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of gamma interferon-induced bacteriostasis: inhibition and degradation of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Infect Immun. 2004, 72: 2723-2730. 10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2723-2730.2004.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"169_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050740o","volume":"48","author":"A Entrena","year":"2005","unstructured":"Entrena A, Camacho ME, Carri\u00f3n MD, L\u00f3pez-Cara LC, Velasco G, Le\u00f3n J, Escames G, Acu\u00f1a-Castroviejo D, Tapias V, Gallo MA, Viv\u00f3 A, Espinosa A: Kynurenamines as neural nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2005, 48: 8174-8181. 10.1021\/jm050740o.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"169_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8527","DOI":"10.1021\/bi060143j","volume":"45","author":"BJ Samelson-Jones","year":"2006","unstructured":"Samelson-Jones BJ, Yeh SR: Interactions between nitric oxide and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Biochemistry. 2006, 45: 8527-8538. 10.1021\/bi060143j.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"169_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2092","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu H, McKenzie G, Witting PK, Stasch JP, Hahn M, Changsirivathanathamrong D, Wu BJ, Ball HJ, Thomas SR, Kapoor V, Celermajer DS, Mellor AL, Keaney JF, Hunt NH, Stocker R: Kynurenine is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced during inflammation. Nat Med. 2010, 16: 279-285. 10.1038\/nm.2092.","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T01:49:52Z","timestamp":1630547392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"169"}}