{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1791582292784,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008792","name":"Novartis Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0686-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T13:26:29Z","timestamp":1472217989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Siponimod (BAF312) prevents synaptic neurodegeneration in experimental multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Gentile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Musella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bullitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Fresegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Fantozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gargano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Borsellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Battistini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Schubart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Mandolesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Centonze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"686_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","volume":"83","author":"FD Lublin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, S\u00f8rensen PS, Thompson AJ, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83:278\u201386.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"686_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3900","volume":"16","author":"M Calabrese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calabrese M, Magliozzi R, Ciccarelli O, Geurts JJ, Reynolds R, Martin R. Exploring the origins of grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16:147\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515603802","volume":"21","author":"M Salvetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salvetti M, Landsman D, Schwarz-Lam P, Comi G, Thompson AJ, Fox RJ. Progressive MS: from pathophysiology to drug discovery. Mult Scler. 2015;21:1376\u201384.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"686_CR4","first-page":"667","volume":"11","author":"I Fyfe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fyfe I. In the news: ocrelizumab excites ECTRIMS. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:667.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"686_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70101-2","volume":"13","author":"O Ciccarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Bodini B, De Stefano N, Golay X, Nicolay K, et al. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:807\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"686_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.004","volume":"25","author":"S Rossi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rossi S, Muzio L, De Chiara V, Grasselli G, Musella A, Musumeci G, et al. Impaired striatal GABA transmission in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:947\u201356.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"686_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.02.005","volume":"46","author":"G Mandolesi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mandolesi G, Grasselli G, Musella A, Gentile A, Musumeci G, Sepman H, et al. GABAergic signaling and connectivity on Purkinje cells are impaired in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46:414\u201324.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"686_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12105","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5369-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"G Mandolesi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mandolesi G, Musella A, Gentile A, Grasselli G, Haji N, Sepman H, et al. Interleukin-1\u03b2 alters glutamate transmission at purkinje cell synapses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci. 2013;33:12105\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054666","volume":"8","author":"R Nistic\u00f2","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nistic\u00f2 R, Mango D, Mandolesi G, Piccinin S, Berretta N, Pignatelli M, et al. Inflammation subverts hippocampal synaptic plasticity in experimental multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54666.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"686_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-013-8249-7","volume":"16","author":"F Mori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mori F, Nistic\u00f2 R, Mandolesi G, Piccinin S, Mango D, Kusayanagi H, et al. Interleukin-1\u03b2 promotes long-term potentiation in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16:38\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"686_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.222","volume":"11","author":"G Mandolesi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mandolesi G, Gentile A, Musella A, Fresegna D, De Vito F, Bullitta S, et al. Synaptopathy connects inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:711\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"686_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688708000833","volume":"80","author":"GS Plaut","year":"1987","unstructured":"Plaut GS. Effectiveness of amantadine in reducing relapses in multiple sclerosis. J R Soc Med. 1987;80:91\u20133.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"686_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90135-7","volume":"81","author":"NC Cutter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cutter NC, Scott DD, Johnson JC, Whiteneck G. Gabapentin effect on spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:164\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"686_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/71555","volume":"6","author":"D Pitt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pitt D, Werner P, Raine CS. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 2000;6:67\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"686_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5804-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"D Centonze","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centonze D, Muzio L, Rossi S, Cavasinni F, De Chiara V, Bergami A, et al. Inflammation triggers synaptic alteration and degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci. 2009;29:3442\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0915139107","volume":"107","author":"R Bhat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhat R, Axtell R, Mitra A, Miranda M, Lock C, Tsien RW, et al. Inhibitory role for GABA in autoimmune inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:2580\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"686_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0261-z","volume":"29","author":"AM Subei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Subei AM, Cohen JA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2015;29:565\u201375.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"686_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70102-9","volume":"12","author":"K Selmaj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Selmaj K, Li DK, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, Kappos L, Freedman MS, et al. Siponimod for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (BOLD): an adaptive, dose-ranging, randomised, phase 2 study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:756\u201367.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"686_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02061.x","volume":"167","author":"P Gergely","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gergely P, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Guerini D, Brinkmann V, Traebert M, Bruns C, et al. The selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator BAF312 redirects lymphocyte distribution and hasspecies-specific effects on heart rate. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167:1035\u201347.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"686_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.09.006","volume":"37","author":"K Shakeri-Nejad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shakeri-Nejad K, Aslanis V, Veldandi UK, Mooney L, Pezous N, Brendani B, et al. Effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of siponimod (BAF312) on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects. Clin Ther. 2015;37:2489\u2013505. e2.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"686_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011","volume":"328","author":"A Groves","year":"2013","unstructured":"Groves A, Kihara Y, Chun J. Fingolimod: direct CNS effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulation and implications in multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neurol Sci. 2013;328:9\u201318.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"686_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.11.022","volume":"74","author":"A Gentile","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gentile A, Fresegna D, Federici M, Musella A, Rizzo FR, Sepman H, et al. Dopaminergic dysfunction is associated with IL-1\u03b2-dependent mood alterations in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;74:347\u201358.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"686_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","volume":"372","author":"A Compston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008;372:1502\u201317.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"686_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.09.016","volume":"191","author":"L Muzio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muzio L, Martino G, Furlan R. Multifaceted aspects of inflammation in multiple sclerosis: the role of microglia. J Neuroimmunol. 2007;191:39\u201344.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"686_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2887","volume":"14","author":"B Ajami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ajami B, Bennett JL, Krieger C, McNagny KM, Rossi FM. Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14:1142\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8175","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1137-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"M Moreno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moreno M, Bannerman P, Ma J, Guo F, Miers L, Soulika AM, et al. Conditional ablation of astroglial CCL2 suppresses CNS accumulation of M1 macrophages and preserves axons in mice with MOG peptide EAE. J Neurosci. 2014;34:8175\u201385.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02178.x","volume":"168","author":"G Grasselli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grasselli G, Rossi S, Musella A, Gentile A, Loizzo S, Muzio L, et al. Abnormal NMDA receptor function exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168:502\u201317.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"686_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199807)28:07<2178::AID-IMMU2178>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"28","author":"HP Eugster","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eugster HP, Frei K, Kopf M, Lassmann H, Fontana A. IL-6-deficient mice resist myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:2178\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"686_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5150","volume":"103","author":"TL S\u00f8rensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Pierce V, Lucchinetti C, Folcik VA, et al. Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:807\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"686_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6576","volume":"165","author":"SE Baranzini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baranzini SE, Elfstrom C, Chang SY, Butunoi C, Murray R, Higuchi R, et al. Transcriptional analysis of multiple sclerosis brain lesions reveals a complex pattern of cytokine expression. J Immunol. 2000;165:6576\u201382.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"686_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.01.020","volume":"162","author":"AC Santos dos","year":"2005","unstructured":"dos Santos AC, Barsante MM, Arantes RM, Bernard CC, Teixeira MM, et al. CCL2 and CCL5 mediate leukocyte adhesion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis\u2014an intravital microscopic study. J Neuroimmunol. 2005;162:122\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"686_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.04.012","volume":"165","author":"R Furlan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Furlan R, Rovaris M, Martinelli Boneschi F, Khademi M, Bergami A, et al. Immunological patterns identifying disease course and evolution in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2005;165:192\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"686_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)98374-8","volume":"18","author":"Y Kawaguchi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kawaguchi Y, Wilson CJ, Augood SJ, Emson PC. Striatal interneurones: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization. Trends Neurosci. 1995;18:527\u201335.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00802.2005","volume":"95","author":"N Gustafson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gustafson N, Gireesh-Dharmaraj E, Czubayko U, Blackwell KT, Plenz D. A comparative voltage and current-clamp analysis of feedback and feedforward synaptic transmission in the striatal microcircuit in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:737\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"686_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000055926.69643.03","volume":"60","author":"N Stefano De","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Filippi M, Agosta F, De Luca M, et al. Evidence of early cortical atrophy in MS: relevance to white matter changes and disability. Neurology. 2003;60:1157\u201362.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"686_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511404916","volume":"17","author":"SD Roosendaal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roosendaal SD, Bendfeldt K, Vrenken H, Polman CH, Borgwardt S, et al. Grey matter volume in a large cohort of MS patients: relation to MRI parameters and disability. Mult Scler. 2011;17:1098\u2013106.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"686_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-76","volume":"8","author":"SJ Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson SJ, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Fingolimod modulates microglial activation to augment markers of remyelination. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:76.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"686_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24217","volume":"76","author":"E Colombo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colombo E, Di Dario M, Capitolo E, Chaabane L, Newcombe J, Martino G, et al. Fingolimod may support neuroprotection via blockade of astrocyte nitric oxide. Ann Neurol. 2014;76:325\u201337.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"686_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.07.010","volume":"237","author":"N Haji","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haji N, Mandolesi G, Gentile A, Sacchetti L, Fresegna D, Rossi S, et al. TNF-\u03b1-mediated anxiety in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol. 2012;237:296\u2013303.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"686_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00243","volume":"9","author":"A Gentile","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gentile A, De Vito F, Fresegna D, Musella A, Buttari F, Bullitta S, et al. Exploring the role of microglia in mood disorders associated with experimental multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:243.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"686_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.12.013","volume":"453","author":"A Uzawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uzawa A, Mori M, Uchida T, Masuda H, Ohtani R, Kuwabara S. Increased levels of CSF CD59 in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;453:131\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"686_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00283-3","volume":"146","author":"D Maimone","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maimone D, Guazzi GC, Annunziata P. IL-6 detection in multiple sclerosis brain. J Neurol Sci. 1997;146(1):59\u201365.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"686_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000317394","volume":"18","author":"A Szczuci\u0144ski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szczuci\u0144ski A, Losy J. CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11 chemokines in patients with active and stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2011;18(1):67\u201372.","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"686_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori F, Nistic\u00f2 R, Nicoletti CG, Zagaglia S, Mandolesi G, Piccinin S et al. RANTES correlates with inflammatory activity and synaptic excitability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016. doi:10.1177\/ 1352458515621796.","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515621796"},{"key":"686_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01579.x","volume":"165","author":"S Rossi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rossi S, Lo Giudice T, De Chiara V, Musella A, Studer V, Motta C, et al. Oral fingolimod rescues the functional deficits of synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165:861\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"686_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9436-x","volume":"8","author":"A Gentile","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gentile A, Rossi S, Studer V, Motta C, De Chiara V, Musella A, et al. Glatiramer acetate protects against inflammatory synaptopathy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2013;8:651\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"686_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.08.009","volume":"264","author":"A Musella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Musella A, Mandolesi G, Gentile A, Rossi S, Studer V, Motta C, et al. Cladribine interferes with IL-1\u03b2 synaptic effects in experimental multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;264:8\u201313.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"686_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1317-9","volume":"187","author":"RJ Clements","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clements RJ, McDonough J, Freeman EJ. Distribution of parvalbumin and calretinin immunoreactive interneurons in motorcortex from multiple sclerosis post-mortem tissue. Exp Brain Res. 2008;187:459\u201365.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"686_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0401-x","volume":"12","author":"MH Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji MH, Qiu LL, Tang H, Ju LS, Sun XR, Zhang H, et al. Sepsis-induced selective parvalbumin interneuron phenotype loss and cognitive impairments may be mediated by NADPH oxidase 2 activation in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:182.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"686_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300581","volume":"30","author":"B Czeh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Czeh B, Simon M, van der Hart MG, Schmelting B, Hesselink MB, Fuchs E. Chronic stress decreases the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons in the hippocampus: prevention by treatment with a substance P receptor (NK1) antagonist. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:67\u201379.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"686_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.01.004","volume":"138","author":"SJ Allen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen SJ, Watson JJ, Shoemark DK, Barua NU, Patel NK. GDNF, NGF and BDNF as therapeutic options for neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138:155\u201375.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"686_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv209","volume":"138","author":"N Cawley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cawley N, Solanky BS, Muhlert N, Tur C, Edden RA, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, et al. Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration is associated with physical disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2015;138:2584\u201395.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"686_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.008","volume":"282C","author":"SN Haber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haber SN. The place of dopamine in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit. Neuroscience. 2014;282C:248\u201357.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"686_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.12.035","volume":"282","author":"G Tao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tao G, Datta S, He R, Nelson F, Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA. Deep gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a tensor based morphometry. J Neurol Sci. 2009;282:39\u201346.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-016-0686-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T21:26:15Z","timestamp":1692480375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-016-0686-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-016-0686-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]]},"article-number":"207"}}