{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:04:36Z","timestamp":1780509876955,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS048952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS048952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0806-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T12:21:26Z","timestamp":1486038086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of dexamethasone and meloxicam on Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation in glial and neuronal cells of the central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Geeta","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra N.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale S.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario T.","family":"Philipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"806_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","volume":"345","author":"AC Steere","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:115\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"806_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00091.Rupprecht","volume":"14","author":"TA Rupprecht","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rupprecht TA, Koedel U, Fingerle V, Pfister H-W. The pathogenesis of lyme neuroborreliosis: from infection to inflammation. Mol Med. 2008;14:205\u201312.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"806_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.7.3047-3059.1993","volume":"61","author":"MT Philipp","year":"1993","unstructured":"Philipp MT, Aydintug MK, Bohm RP, Cogswell FB, Dennis VA, Lanners HN, Lowrie RC, Roberts ED, Conway MD, Kara\u00e7orlu M, Peyman GA, Gubler DJ, Johnson BJ, Piesman J, Gu Y. Early and early disseminated phases of Lyme disease in the rhesus monkey: a model for infection in humans. Infect Immun. 1993;61:3047\u201359.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"806_CR4","first-page":"146","volume":"72","author":"ED Roberts","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roberts ED, Bohm RP, Cogswell FB, Lanners HN, Lowrie RC, Povinelli L, Piesman J, Philipp MT. Chronic lyme disease in the rhesus monkey. Lab Invest. 1995;72:146\u201360.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"806_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780109","volume":"80","author":"D Cadavid","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cadavid D, O\u2019Neill T, Schaefer H, Pachner AR. Localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system and other organs in a nonhuman primate model of lyme disease. Lab Invest. 2000;80:1043\u201354.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"806_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-23","volume":"6","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Borda JT, Gill A, Ribka EP, Morici LA, Mottram P, Martin DS, Jacobs MB, Didier PJ, Philipp MT. Possible role of glial cells in the onset and progression of Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroinflammation. 2009;6:23.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"806_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.016","volume":"37","author":"BA Fallon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fallon BA, Levin ES, Schweitzer PJ, Hardesty D. Inflammation and central nervous system Lyme disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2010;37:534\u201341.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"806_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.5.749","volume":"37","author":"JM Vallat","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vallat JM, Hugon J, Lubeau M, Leboutet MJ, Dumas M, Desproges-Gotteron R. Tick-bite meningoradiculoneuritis: clinical, electrophysiologic, and histologic findings in 10 cases. Neurology. 1987;37:749\u201353.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"806_CR9","first-page":"145","volume":"2","author":"DN Payne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Payne DN, Adcock IM. Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid actions. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2001;2:145\u201350.","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"806_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(97)80049-2","volume":"26","author":"DE Furst","year":"1997","unstructured":"Furst DE. Meloxicam: selective COX-2 inhibition in clinical practice. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1997;26(6 Suppl 1):21\u20137.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"806_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.01.024","volume":"185","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Didier PJ, England JD, Santana-Gould L, Doyle-Meyers LA, Martin DS, Jacobs MB, Philipp MT. Inflammation in the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:1344\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"806_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-88","volume":"10","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Santana-Gould L, Inglis FM, England JD, Philipp MT. The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammation and apoptosis in cells from dorsal root ganglia. J Neuroinflammation. 2013;10:88.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"806_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0461-y","volume":"12","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Meisner OC, Philipp MT. Anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone and meloxicam on Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation in neuronal cultures of dorsal root ganglia and myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:240.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"806_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080483","volume":"173","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Borda JT, Dufour J, Kaushal D, Ramamoorthy R, Lackner AA, Philipp MT. Interaction of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi with brain parenchyma elicits inflammatory mediators from glial cells as well as glial and neuronal apoptosis. Am J Pathol. 2008;173:1415\u201327.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"806_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00394-08","volume":"76","author":"ALF Bernardino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bernardino ALF, Myers TA, Alvarez X, Hasegawa A, Philipp MT. Toll-like receptors: insights into their possible role in the pathogenesis of lyme neuroborreliosis. Infect Immun. 2008;76:4385\u201395.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"806_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-72","volume":"9","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Benge S, Pahar B, Philipp MT. A possible role for inflammation in mediating apoptosis of oligodendrocytes as induced by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:72.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"806_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12484","volume":"107","author":"SF Porcella","year":"2001","unstructured":"Porcella SF, Schwan TG. Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum: a comparison of functional genomics, environmental adaptations, and pathogenic mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:651\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"806_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04535.x","volume":"102","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Ling E-A, Dheen ST. Dexamethasone suppresses monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production via mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 dependent inhibition of Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in activated rat microglia. J Neurochem. 2007;102:667\u201378.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"806_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02111-6","volume":"51","author":"G Engelhardt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Engelhardt G, B\u00f6gel R, Schnitzer C, Utzmann R. Meloxicam: influence on arachidonic acid metabolism. Part 1. In vitro findings. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996;51:21\u20138.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"806_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000659","volume":"5","author":"TA Myers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myers TA, Kaushal D, Philipp MT. Microglia are mediators of Borrelia burgdorferi-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000659.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"806_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.9.901","volume":"63","author":"L Minghetti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minghetti L. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004;63:901\u201310.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"806_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6221-8","volume":"259","author":"M Djukic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Djukic M, Schmidt-Samoa C, Lange P, Spreer A, Neubieser K, Eiffert H, Nau R, Schmidt H. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in adults with acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 2012;259:630\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"806_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-215","volume":"11","author":"D Bremell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bremell D, Hagberg L. Clinical characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid parameters in patients with peripheral facial palsy caused by Lyme neuroborreliosis compared with facial palsy of unknown origin (Bell\u2019s palsy). BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:215.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"806_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2015.594","volume":"15","author":"E Hodzic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodzic E. Lyme Borreliosis: is there a preexisting (natural) variation in antimicrobial susceptibility among Borrelia burgdorferi strains? Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2015;15:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"806_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.3300-3303.2002","volume":"70","author":"FT Liang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liang FT, Nelson FK, Fikrig E. DNA microarray assessment of putative Borrelia burgdorferi lipoprotein genes. Infect Immun. 2002;70:3300\u20133.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"806_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.6.849","volume":"60","author":"S Cepok","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cepok S, Zhou D, Vogel F, Rosche B, Grummel V, Sommer N, Hemmer B. The immune response at onset and during recovery from Borrelia burgdorferi meningoradiculitis. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:849\u201355.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"806_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00255-2","volume":"131","author":"M Grusell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grusell M, Widhe M, Ekerfelt C. Increased expression of the Th1-inducing cytokines interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 in cerebrospinal fluid but not in sera from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;131:173\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"806_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01500.x","volume":"107","author":"M Widhe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Widhe M, Grusell M, Ekerfelt C, Vrethem M, Forsberg P, Ernerudh J. Cytokines in Lyme borreliosis: lack of early tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 responses are associated with chronic neuroborreliosis. Immunology. 2002;107:46\u201355.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"806_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00353-13","volume":"20","author":"T Cerar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cerar T, Ogrinc K, Lotric-Furlan S, Kobal J, Levicnik-Stezinar S, Strle F, Ruzi\u0107-Sabljic E. Diagnostic value of cytokines and chemokines in lyme neuroborreliosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20:1578\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"806_CR30","first-page":"480739","volume":"2013","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Maclean AG, Philipp MT. Cytokines and chemokines at the crossroads of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:480739.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"806_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9812-3","volume":"31","author":"FR Ianiski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ianiski FR, Alves CB, Ferreira CF, Rech VC, Savegnago L, Wilhelm EA, Luchese C. Meloxicam-loaded nanocapsules as an alternative to improve memory decline in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model in mice: involvement of Na+, K\u2009+\u2009\u2212ATPase. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31:793\u2013802.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"806_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2923-9","volume":"34","author":"S Nimmrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nimmrich S, Becker I, Horneff G. Intraarticular corticosteroids in refractory childhood Lyme arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34:987\u201394.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"806_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.04.022","volume":"51","author":"SA Massengo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Massengo SA, Bonnet F, Braun C, Vital A, Beylot J, Bastard J. Severe neuroborreliosis: the benefit of prolonged high-dose combination of antimicrobial agents with steroids\u2014an illustrative case. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;51:127\u201330.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"806_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jowett N, Gaudin RA, Banks CA, Hadlock TA: Steroid use in Lyme disease-associated facial palsy is associated with worse long-term outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2016. doi: 10.1002\/lary.26273 .","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26273"},{"key":"806_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00856-07","volume":"76","author":"TH Mogensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mogensen TH, Berg RS, Paludan SR, \u00d8stergaard L. Mechanisms of dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of Toll-like receptor signaling induced by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2008;76:189\u201397.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"806_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00293.x","volume":"51","author":"B-C Jang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jang B-C, Lim K-J, Suh M-H, Park J-G, Suh S-I. Dexamethasone suppresses interleukin-1beta-induced human beta-defensin 2 mRNA expression: involvement of p38 MAPK, JNK, MKP-1, and NF-kappaB transcriptional factor in A549 cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;51:171\u201384.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"806_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-5-2","volume":"5","author":"A Sakai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sakai A, Han J, Cato ACB, Akira S, Li J-D. Glucocorticoids synergize with IL-1beta to induce TLR2 expression via MAP Kinase Phosphatase-1-dependent dual Inhibition of MAPK JNK and p38 in epithelial cells. BMC Mol Biol. 2004;5:2.","journal-title":"BMC Mol Biol"},{"key":"806_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-048215","volume":"109","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya S, Brown DE, Brewer JA, Vogt SK, Muglia LJ. Macrophage glucocorticoid receptors regulate Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory responses by selective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Blood. 2007;109:4313\u20139.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"806_CR39","first-page":"187","volume":"30","author":"M Morita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morita M, Suyama H, Igishi T, Shigeoka Y, Kodani M, Hashimoto K, Takeda K, Sumikawa T, Shimizu E. Dexamethasone inhibits paclitaxel-induced cytotoxic activity through retinoblastoma protein dephosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2007;30:187\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"806_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)02446-3","volume":"72","author":"G Pelaia","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Cuda G, Maselli R, Marsico SA. Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid actions in chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Life Sci. 2003;72:1549\u201361.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"806_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0274-z","volume":"12","author":"G Parthasarathy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parthasarathy G, Philipp MT. Inflammatory mediator release from primary rhesus microglia in response to Borrelia burgdorferi results from the activation of several receptors and pathways. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:60.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0806-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0806-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0806-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T07:44:38Z","timestamp":1658562278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0806-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0806-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"28"}}