{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:31:41Z","timestamp":1789698701815,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0826-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T22:26:53Z","timestamp":1489184813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Enhanced susceptibility of triple transgenic Alzheimer\u2019s disease (3xTg-AD) mice to acute infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Montacute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn Jane","family":"Else","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena Margaret","family":"Cruickshank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart McRae","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0909142","volume":"362","author":"HW Querfurth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:329\u201344.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S11718","volume":"5","author":"AT Isik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Isik AT. Late onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease in older people. Clin Interv Aging. 2010;5:307\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750502000605","volume":"20","author":"MW Carter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carter MW, Porell FW. Vulnerable populations at risk of potentially avoidable hospitalizations: the case of nursing home residents with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2005;20:349\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.06.001","volume":"28","author":"R Heun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heun R, Schoepf D, Potluri R, Natalwala A. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and co-morbidity: increased prevalence and possible risk factors of excess mortality in a naturalistic 7-year follow-up. Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28:40\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1159\/000171044","volume":"26","author":"A Natalwala","year":"2008","unstructured":"Natalwala A, Potluri R, Uppal H, Heun R. Reasons for hospital admissions in dementia patients in Birmingham, UK, during 2002\u20132007. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;26:499\u2013505.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02503.x","volume":"16","author":"HR Brunnstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brunnstr\u00f6m HR, Englund EM. Cause of death in patients with dementia disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:488\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000165511.52746.1f","volume":"19","author":"N Dunn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dunn N, Mullee M, Perry VH, Holmes C. Ovid: Association between dementia and infectious disease: evidence from a case\u2013control study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19:91\u20134.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000311269.57716.63","volume":"70","author":"SC Vlad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vlad SC, Miller DR, Kowall NW, Felson DT. Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008;70:1672\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211851","volume":"368","author":"R Guerreiro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, Cruchaga C, Sassi C, Kauwe JSK, Younkin S, Hazrati L, Collinge J, Pocock J, Lashley T, Williams J, Lambert J-C, Amouyel P, Goate A, Rademakers R, Morgan K, Powell J, St George-Hyslop P, Singleton A, Hardy J. TREM2 variants in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:117\u201327.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100018","volume":"20","author":"J-C Lambert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lambert J-C, Grenier-Boley B, Chouraki V, Heath S, Zelenika D, Fievet N, Hannequin D, Pasquier F, Hanon O, Brice A, Epelbaum J, Berr C, Dartigues J-F, Tzourio C, Campion D, Lathrop M, Amouyel P. Implication of the immune system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: evidence from genome-wide pathway analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:1107\u201318.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00046-6","volume":"97","author":"VR Lombardi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lombardi VR, Garc\u00eda M, Rey L, Cacabelos R. Characterization of cytokine production, screening of lymphocyte subset patterns and in vitro apoptosis in healthy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) individuals. J Neuroimmunol. 1999;97:163\u201371.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.10.020","volume":"193","author":"K Bonotis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bonotis K, Krikki E, Holeva V, Aggouridaki C, Costa V, Baloyannis S. Systemic immune aberrations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2008;193:183\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(92)90284-R","volume":"107","author":"T Pirttil\u00e4","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pirttil\u00e4 T, Mattinen S, Frey H. The decrease of CD8-positive lymphocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci. 1992;107:160\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1995.tb01525.x","volume":"25","author":"GR Hu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hu GR, Walls RS, Creasey H, McCusker E, Broe GA. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset distribution and function in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias. Aust N Z J Med. 1995;25:212\u20137.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.01.010","volume":"41","author":"E Richartz-Salzburger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Richartz-Salzburger E, Batra A, Stransky E, Laske C, K\u00f6hler N, Bartels M, Buchkremer G, Schott K. Altered lymphocyte distribution in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:174\u20138.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1985.tb02851.x","volume":"33","author":"MS Leffell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Leffell MS, Lumsden L, Steiger WA. An analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:4\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05573.x","volume":"83","author":"T Ikeda","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ikeda T, Yamamoto K, Takahashi K, Yamada M. Immune system-associated antigens on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;83:444\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00226-X","volume":"103","author":"F Licastro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Licastro F, Pedrini S, Caputo L, Annoni G, Davis LJ, Ferri C, Casadei V, Grimaldi LM. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: peripheral inflammation or signals from the brain? J Neuroimmunol. 2000;103:97\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815005","volume":"29","author":"XA Alvarez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alvarez XA, Franco A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Novoa L, Cacabelos R. Blood levels of histamine, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1996;29:237\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Chem Neuropathol"},{"key":"826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131490","volume":"39","author":"M Marchese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marchese M, Cowan D, Head E, Ma D, Karimi K, Ashthorpe V, Kapadia M, Zhao H, Davis P, Sakic B. Autoimmune manifestations in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;39:191\u2013210.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06639.x","volume":"1262","author":"L Gim\u00e9nez-Llort","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Llort L, Mat\u00e9 I, Manassra R, Vida C, De la Fuente M. Peripheral immune system and neuroimmune communication impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1262:74\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100852","volume":"22","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Subramanian S, Ayala P, Wadsworth TL, Harris CJ, Vandenbark AA, Quinn JF, Offner H. CCR6: a biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s-like disease in a triple transgenic mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22:619\u201329.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2471","volume":"9","author":"K Dorshkind","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dorshkind K, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Signer RAJ. The ageing immune system: is it ever too old to become young again? Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:57\u201362.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-4-4","volume":"4","author":"AW Lemstra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemstra AW, Groen in\u2019t Woud JCM, Hoozemans JJM, van Haastert ES, Rozemuller AJM, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Microglia activation in sepsis: a case\u2013control study. J Neuroinflammation. 2007;4:4.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2005.07.003","volume":"30","author":"A Semmler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semmler A, Okulla T, Sastre M, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L, Heneka MT. Systemic inflammation induces apoptosis with variable vulnerability of different brain regions. J Chem Neuroanat. 2005;30:144\u201357.","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.6.788","volume":"74","author":"C Holmes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holmes C, El-Okl M, Williams AL, Cunningham C, Wilcockson D, Perry VH. Systemic infection, interleukin 1beta, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:788\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bb95","volume":"73","author":"C Holmes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holmes C, Cunningham C, Zotova E, Woolford J, Dean C, Kerr S, Culliford D, Perry VH. Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2009;73:768\u201374.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.38","volume":"10","author":"VH Perry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perry VH, Holmes C. Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:217\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02248-1","volume":"18","author":"RE Lyons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyons RE, McLeod R, Roberts CW. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite\u2013bradyzoite interconversion. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:198\u2013201.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028925","volume":"6","author":"M Berenreiterov\u00e1","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berenreiterov\u00e1 M, Flegr J, Kub\u011bna AA, N\u011bmec P. The distribution of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brain of a mouse with latent toxoplasmosis: implications for the behavioral manipulation hypothesis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28925.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.1.347","volume":"179","author":"KJ Else","year":"1994","unstructured":"Else KJ, Finkelman FD, Maliszewski CR, Grencis RK. Cytokine-mediated regulation of chronic intestinal helminth infection. J Exp Med. 1994;179:347\u201351.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033312","volume":"7","author":"BK Jung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jung BK, Pyo KH, Shin KY, Hwang YS, Lim H, Lee SJ, Moon JH, Lee SH, Suh YH, Chai JY, Shin EH. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the brain inhibits neuronal degeneration and learning and memory impairments in a murine model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33312.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0293-8","volume":"4","author":"L M\u00f6hle","year":"2016","unstructured":"M\u00f6hle L, Israel N, Paarmann K, Krohn M, Pietkiewicz S, M\u00fcller A, Lavrik IN, Buguliskis JS, Schott BH, Schl\u00fcter D, Gundelfinger ED, Montag D, Seifert U, Pahnke J, Dunay IIR, Reitz C, Brayne C, Mayeux R, Hardy J, Selkoe D, Selkoe D, Haass C, Kaether C, Thinakaran G, Sisodia S, Masters C, Selkoe D, Mawuenyega K, Sigurdson W, Ovod V, et al. Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection enhances \u03b2-amyloid phagocytosis and clearance by recruited monocytes. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016;4:25.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804307","volume":"182","author":"M Schaeffer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaeffer M, Han S-J, Chtanova T, van Dooren GG, Herzmark P, Chen Y, Roysam B, Striepen B, Robey EA. Dynamic imaging of T cell-parasite interactions in the brains of mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol. 2009;182:6379\u201393.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000072395","volume":"57","author":"D Wakelin","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wakelin D. Acquired immunity to Trichuris muris in the albino laboratory mouse. Parasitology. 1967;57:515\u201324.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.12.001","volume":"5","author":"K Honjo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Honjo K, van Reekum R, Verhoeff NPLG. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and infection: do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Alzheimers Dement. 2009;5:348\u201360.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000367783","volume":"39","author":"NC Foley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foley NC, Affoo RH, Martin RE. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining pneumonia-associated mortality in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39:52\u201367.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cestari JAF, Fabri GMC, Kalil J, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, de Siqueira JTT, Siqueira SRDT. Oral infections and cytokine levels in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment compared with controls. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;Preprint(Preprint):1\u20137.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160212"},{"key":"826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-2-23","volume":"2","author":"MC Janelsins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Janelsins MC, Mastrangelo MA, Oddo S, LaFerla FM, Federoff HJ, Bowers WJ. Early correlation of microglial activation with enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression specifically within the entorhinal cortex of triple transgenic Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2005;2:23.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.012","volume":"178","author":"M Sy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sy M, Kitazawa M, Medeiros R, Whitman L, Cheng D, Lane TE, Laferla FM. Inflammation induced by infection potentiates tau pathological features in transgenic mice. Am J Pathol. 2011;178:2811\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282005","volume":"328","author":"AM Taveira da Silva","year":"1993","unstructured":"Taveira da Silva AM, Kaulbach HC, Chuidian FS, Lambert DR, Suffredini AF, Danner RL. Brief report: shock and multiple-organ dysfunction after self-administration of Salmonella endotoxin. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1457\u201360.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","volume":"39","author":"G Pappas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pappas G, Roussos N, Falagas ME. Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol. 2009;39:1385\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181f73bc2","volume":"25","author":"OY Kusbeci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kusbeci OY, Miman O, Yaman M, Aktepe OC, Yazar S. Could Toxoplasma gondii have any role in Alzheimer disease? Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011;25:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0826-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T12:23:38Z","timestamp":1568895818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0826-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0826-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,11]]},"article-number":"50"}}