{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:02:11Z","timestamp":1787169731853,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]],"date-time":"2018-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1082403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1082403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1087114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1087114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1227-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]],"date-time":"2018-07-07T11:22:27Z","timestamp":1530962547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Inflammation and blood-brain barrier breach remote from the primary injury following neurotrauma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus K.","family":"Giacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"McGonigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M. B.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas O.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole A.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Swaminathan Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.111","volume":"50","author":"Z Jia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jia Z, Zhu H, Li J, Wang X, Misra H, Li Y. Oxidative stress in spinal cord injury and antioxidant-based intervention. Spinal Cord. 2012;50:264\u201374.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1848","volume":"71","author":"CA Oyinbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oyinbo CA. Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury: a nugget of this multiply cascade. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2011;71:281\u201399.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp"},{"key":"1227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3053","volume":"12","author":"S David","year":"2011","unstructured":"David S, Kroner A. Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:388\u201399.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2650","volume":"30","author":"JR Perez-Polo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perez-Polo JR, Rea HC, Johnson KM, Parsley MA, Unabia GC, Xu G, Infante SK, DeWitt DS, Hulsebosch CE. Inflammatory consequences in a rodent model of mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30:727\u201340.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1227_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.07.002","volume":"7","author":"DJ Loane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Loane DJ, Byrnes KR. Role of microglia in neurotrauma. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7:366\u201377.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070117","volume":"7","author":"RB Banati","year":"1993","unstructured":"Banati RB, Gehrmann J, Schubert P, Kreutzberg GW. Cytotoxicity of microglia. GLIA. 1993;7:111\u20138.","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"key":"1227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.06.007","volume":"261","author":"RLOH Doig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doig RLOH, Bartlett CA, Maghzal GJ, Lam M, Archer M, Stocker R, Fitzgerald M. Reactive species and oxidative stress in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Exp Neurol. 2014;261:136\u201346.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.11.019","volume":"10","author":"JM Ruckh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruckh JM, Zhao J-W, Shadrach JL, PvPV W, Rao TN, Wagers AJ, RJM F. Rejuvenation of regeneration in the aging central nervous system. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;10:96\u2013103.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2615-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"MR Kotter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kotter MR, Li W-W, Zhao C, Franklin RJM. Myelin impairs CNS remyelination by inhibiting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation. J Neurosci. 2006;26:328\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.09.019","volume":"18","author":"MR Kotter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kotter MR, Zhao C, Nv R, Franklin RJM. Macrophage-depletion induced impairment of experimental CNS remyelination is associated with a reduced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell response and altered growth factor expression. Neurobiol Dis. 2005;18:166\u201375.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1227_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65476-4","volume":"155","author":"Y Persidsky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Persidsky Y, Ghorpade A, Rasmussen J, Limoges J, Liu XJ, Stins M, Fiala M, Way D, Kim KS, Witte MH, et al. Microglial and astrocyte chemokines regulate monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. Am J Pathol. 1999;155:1599\u2013611.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1227_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.001","volume":"108","author":"MD Bock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bock MD, Wang N, Decrock E, Ml B, Gadicherla AK, Culot M, Cecchelli R, Bultynck G, Leybaert L. Endothelial calcium dynamics, connexin channels and blood\u2013brain barrier function. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;108:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1227_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0406249","volume":"80","author":"JP Edwards","year":"2006","unstructured":"Edwards JP, Zhang X, Frauwirth KA, Mosser DM. Biochemical and functional characterization of three activatedmacrophage populations. J Leukoc Biol. 2006;80:1298\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"1227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243084","volume":"43","author":"CL Hsieh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsieh CL, Kim CC, Ryba BE, Niemi EC, Bando JK, Locksley RM, Liu J, Nakamura MC, Seaman WE. Traumatic brain injury induces macrophage subsets in the brain. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43:2010\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"1227_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.146","volume":"33","author":"G Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang G, Zhang J, Hu X, Zhang L, Mao L, Jiang X, Liou AK-F, Leak RK, Gao Y, Chen J. Microglia\/macrophage polarization dynamics in white matter after traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:1864\u201374.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1227_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13139","volume":"173","author":"R Orihuela","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orihuela R, McPherson CA, Harry GJ. Microglial M1\/M2polarization and metabolic states. Br J Pharmacol. 2016;173:649\u201365.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1227_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-82","volume":"11","author":"LC Turtzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turtzo LC, Lescher J, Janes L, Dean DD, Budde MD, Frank JA. Macrophagic and microglial responses after focal traumatic brain injury in the female rat. J Neuroinflammation. 2014;11:1742\u20132094.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148001","volume":"11","author":"JM Morganti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morganti JM, Riparip L-K, Rosi S. Call off the dog(ma): M1\/M2 polarization is concurrent following traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0148001.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1227_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.9","volume":"131","author":"JS Pettersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pettersen JS, Fuentes-Duculan J, Su\u00e1rez-Fari\u00f1as M, Pierson KC, Pitts-Kiefer A, Fan L, Belkin DA, Wang CQF, Bhuvanendran S, Johnson-Huang LM, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages in the cutaneous SCC microenvironment are heterogeneously activated. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:1322\u201330.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"1227_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-35","volume":"10","author":"DY Vogel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vogel DY, Vereyken EJ, Glim JE, Heijnen PD, Moeton M, Pvd V, Amor S, Teunissen CE, Jv H, Dijkstra CD. Macrophages in inflammatory multiple sclerosis lesions have an intermediate activation status. J Neuroinflammation. 2013;10:1742\u20132094.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1227_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0581-z","volume":"13","author":"CC Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim CC, Nakamura MC, Hsieh CL. Brain trauma elicits non-canonical macrophage activation states. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13:117.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1227_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4338","volume":"19","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ransohoff RM. A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist? Nat Neurosci. 2016;19:987\u201391.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","volume":"6","author":"FO Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez FO, Gordon S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000Prime Reports. 2014;6:13.","journal-title":"F1000Prime Reports"},{"key":"1227_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-174","volume":"8","author":"C Perego","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perego C, Fumagalli S, Simoni M-GD. Temporal pattern of expression and colocalization of microglia\/macrophage phenotype markers following brain ischemic injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:174.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1227_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.11.026","volume":"216","author":"M Fitzgerald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M, Bartlett CA, Evill L, Rodger J, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA. Secondary degeneration of the optic nerve following partial transection: the benefits of lomerizine. Exp Neurol. 2009;216:219\u201330.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1227_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu N, Tang X-H, Pan W, Xie Z-M, Zhang G-F, Ji M-H, Yang J-J, Zhou M-T, Zhou Z-Q. Spared nerve injury increases the expression of microglia M1 markers in the prefrontal cortex of rats and provokes depression-like behaviors. Front Neurosci. 2017;11. Article 209.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00209"},{"key":"1227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Evangelho K, Mogilevskaya M, Losada-Barragan M, Vargas-Sanchez JK. Pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma from a neuroinflammatory and neurotoxicity perspective: a review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-017-0795-9 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0795-9"},{"key":"1227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","volume":"7","author":"R Daneman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daneman R, Prat A. The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7:a020412.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"1227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.03.004","volume":"75","author":"F Block","year":"2005","unstructured":"Block F, Dihn\u00e9 M, Loos M. Inflammation in areas of remote changes following focal brain lesion. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;75:342\u201365.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00081","volume":"10","author":"N Weishaupt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weishaupt N, Zhang A, Deziel RA, AndrewTasker R, Whitehead SN. Prefrontal ischemia in the rat leads to secondary damage and inflammation in remote gray and white matter regions. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:81.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8629-x","volume":"50","author":"MT Viscomi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viscomi MT, Molinari M. Remote neurodegeneration: multiple actors for one play. Mol Neurobiol. 2014;50:368\u201389.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000117313","volume":"30","author":"G Demeurisse","year":"1990","unstructured":"Demeurisse G, Capon A, Verhas M, Attig E. Pathogenesis of aphasia in deep-seated lesions: likely role of cortical diaschisis. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:67\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"1227_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.076612","volume":"51","author":"A Thiel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thiel A, Radlinska BA, Paquette C, Sidel M, Soucy J-P, Schirrmacher R, Minuk J. The temporal dynamics of poststroke neuroinflammation: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging\u2013guided PET study with 11C-PK11195 in acute subcortical stroke. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2010;51:1404\u201312.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"1227_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.2.283","volume":"61","author":"S Finger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Finger S, Koehler PJ, Jagella C. The Monakow concept of diaschisis: origins and perspectives. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:283\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1227_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101483","volume":"41","author":"ON Hausmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hausmann ON. Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:369\u201378.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1227_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mietto BS, Mostacada K, Martinez AMB. Neurotrauma and inflammation: CNS and PNS responses. Mediat Inflamm. 2015;2015. article 251204.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/251204"},{"key":"1227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10819","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1642-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"S Echeverry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Echeverry S, Shi XQ, Rivest S, Zhang J. Peripheral nerve injury alters blood\u2013spinal cord barrier functional and molecular integrity through a selective inflammatory pathway. J Neurosci. 2011;31:10819\u201328.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith NM, Gachulincova I, Ho D, Bailey C, Bartlett CA, Norret M, Murphy J, Buckley A, Rigby PJ, House MJ, et al. An unexpected transient breakdown of the blood brain barrier triggers passage of large intravenously administered nanoparticle. Sci Rep. 2016;6. article 22595.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22595"},{"key":"1227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1112","volume":"27","author":"M Fitzgerald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M, Bartlett CA, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA. Early events of secondary degeneration after partial optic nerve transection: an immunohistochemical study. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27:439\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3469","volume":"16","author":"VE Miron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miron VE, Boyd A, Zhao J-W, Yuen TJ, Ruckh JM, Shadrach JL, Pv W, Wagers AJ, Williams A, Franklin RJM, ffrench-Constant C. M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1211\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR41","first-page":"385","volume":"9","author":"NR Saunders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd K, Habgood MD. Markers for blood-brain barrier integrity: how appropriate is Evans blue in the twenty-first century and what are the alternatives? Front Neurosci. 2015;9:385.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6409-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"J Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu J, Jin X, Liu KJ, Liu W. Matrix metalloproteinase-2-mediated occludin degradation and caveolin-1-mediated claudin-5 redistribution contribute to blood-brain barrier damage in early ischemic stroke stage. J Neurosci. 2010;32:3044\u201357.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1227_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu JK, Petersen MA, Murray SG, Baeten KM, Meyer-Franke A, Chan JP, Vagena E, Bedard C, Machado MR, Coronado PER, et al: Blood coagulation protein fibrinogen promotesautoimmunity and demyelination via chemokine release and antigen presentation. Nat Commun 2015, 6. 42.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9164"},{"key":"1227_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan KC, Kancherla S, Fan S-J, Wu EX: Long-term effects of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia on structural and physiological integrity of the eye and visual pathway by multimodal MRI. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015, 56:1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14287"},{"key":"1227_CR45","unstructured":"Lawlor M, Danesh-Meyer H, Levin LA, Davagnanam I, De Vita E, Plant GT: Glaucoma and the brain: trans-synaptic degeneration, structural change, and implications for neuroprotection. Surv Ophthalmol 2017, In Press:1\u201311."},{"key":"1227_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.09.017","volume":"96","author":"C Perego","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perego C, Fumagalli S, Zanier ER, Carlino E, Panini N, Erba E, Simoni M-GD. Macrophages are essential for maintaining a M2 protective response early after ischemic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2016;96:284\u201393.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1227_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06113.x","volume":"97","author":"PL Leenaerts","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leenaerts PL, Stad RK, Hall BM, Van Damme BJ, Vanrenterghem Y, Daha MR. Hereditary C6 deficiency in a strain of PVG\/c rats. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;97:478\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1227_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.07.002","volume":"25","author":"AR Harvey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harvey AR, Hu Y, Leaver SG, Mellough CB, Park K, Verhaagen J, Plant GW, Cui Q. Gene therapy and transplantation in CNS repair: the visual system. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2006;25:449\u201389.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"1227_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000097202","volume":"2","author":"WA Banks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Broadwell RD. Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1995;2:241\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"1227_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90005-1","volume":"34","author":"PJ Waguespack","year":"1994","unstructured":"Waguespack PJ, Banks WA, Kastin AJ. Interleukin-2 does not cross the blood-brain barrier by a saturable transport system. Brain Res Bull. 1994;34:103\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1227_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(03)00167-0","volume":"114","author":"AJ Kastin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V, Pan W. Interleukin-10 as a CNS therapeutic: the obstacle of the blood\u2013brain\/blood\u2013spinal cord barrier. Mol Brain Res. 2003;114:168\u201371.","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"1227_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.017","volume":"1812","author":"JI Alvarez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alvarez JI, Cayrol R, Prat A. Disruption of central nervous system barriers in multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1812:252\u201364.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1227-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1227-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1227-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T20:46:27Z","timestamp":1720385187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1227-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1227-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Procedures adhered to the National Health and Medical Research Council Australian Code of Practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes and were approved by the University of Western Australia\u2019s Animal Ethics Committee, approval numbers RA3\/100\/1201, RA3\/100\/673, and RA3\/100\/1485.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"201"}}