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Our previous study showed that the expression of cathepsin C (CatC) in the brain is induced predominantly in activated microglia in neuroinflammation. Moreover, CatC can induce chemokine production in brain inflammatory processes. In vitro studies further confirmed that CatC is secreted extracellularly from LPS-treated microglia. However, the mechanisms of CatC affecting neuroinflammatory responses are not known yet.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CatC over-expression (CatCOE) and knock-down (CatCKD) mice were treated with intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular LPS injection. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess the ability of learning and memory. Cytokine expression in vivo was detected by in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR, and ELISA. In vitro, microglia M1 polarization was determined by quantitative PCR. Intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration was determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of NR2B, PKC, p38, IkB\u03b1, and p65 was determined by western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The LPS-treated CatCOE mice exhibited significantly increased escape latency compared with similarly treated wild-type or CatCKD mice. The highest levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and other M1 markers (IL-6, CD86, CD16, and CD32) were found in the brain or serum of LPS-treated CatCOE mice, and the lowest levels were detected in CatCKD mice. Similar results were found in LPS-treated microglia derived from CatC differentially expressing mice or in CatC-treated microglia from wild-type mice. Furthermore, the expression of NR2B mRNA, phosphorylation of NR2B, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration, phosphorylation of PKC, p38, I\u03baB\u03b1, and p65 were all increased in CatC-treated microglia, while addition of E-64 and MK-801 reversed the phosphorylation of above molecules.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The data suggest that CatC promotes microglia M1 polarization and aggravates neuroinflammation via activation of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-dependent PKC\/p38MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway. CatC may be one of key molecular targets for alleviating and controlling neuroinflammation in neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1398-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T15:02:34Z","timestamp":1547650954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Cathepsin C promotes microglia M1 polarization and aggravates neuroinflammation via activation of Ca2+-dependent PKC\/p38MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanna","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Ikenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianmei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1398_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8576-6","volume":"49","author":"P A","year":"2014","unstructured":"A P, Kos J. 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