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In this study, we aimed to determine in MS patients whether HCMV induces modifications in the peripheral B cell compartment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCMV serostatus was determined in 73 MS patients (55 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS); 18 progressive MS (PMS)) and 30 healthy controls, assessing their B cell immunophenotype and cytokine production (GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF\u03b1) by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCMV seropositivity in untreated MS patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 45) was associated with reduced switched memory B cells, contrasting with an opposite effect in PMS. Expansions of transitional B cells were observed in HCMV(+) IFN\u03b2-treated RRMS patients but not in HCMV(\u2212) cases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01), suggesting that HCMV may influence the distribution of B cell subsets modulating the effects of IFN\u03b2. Considering the B cell functional profile, HCMV(\u2212) PMS displayed an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF\u03b1) as compared to HCMV(+) PMS and RRMS cases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study reveals an influence of HCMV infection on the phenotype and function of B cells, promoting early differentiation stages in RRMS and reducing the proinflammatory cytokine profile in advanced MS forms, which might be related with the putative protective role of this virus in MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01840-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1589968983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Impact of cytomegalovirus infection on B cell differentiation and cytokine production in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Zabalza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisenda","family":"Alari-Pahissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Munteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00eda","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Y\u00e9lamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Llop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Botet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose E.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1840_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","volume":"376","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, Giovannoni G, Hartung H-P, Hemmer B, et al. 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Patients gave written informed consent to enter the study and provide peripheral blood samples.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"A. Zabalza has received travel funding from Biogen Idec, Novartis, and Genzyme. A. Moreira has received travel funding from Teva, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Almirall, Bayer, and Genzyme, and personal fees for lectures from Genzyme. E. Munteis has received personal fees for consulting services and lectures from Merck-Serono, Biogen Idec, Teva, Genzyme, Novartis, Bayer, and Almirall. JE. Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez has participated as principal investigator in pharmaceutical company-sponsored clinical trials including Novartis, Roche, Merck-Serono, Actelion, and Celgene, and personal fees for consulting services and lectures from Novartis, Biogen Idec, and Merck-Serono. A Vera, E. Alari-Pahissa, J. Y\u00e9lamos, M. Llop, and M. L\u00f3pez-Botet declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"161"}}