{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:53:01Z","timestamp":1790787181038,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001298","name":"Presbyterian Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain inflammation is a key cause of cognitive decline after central nervous system (CNS) infections. A thorough understanding of immune responses to CNS infection is essential for developing anti-inflammatory interventions that improve outcomes. Tissue-resident memory T cells (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>) are non-recirculating memory T cells that provide surveillance of previously infected tissues. However, in addition to protecting the brain against reinfection, brain<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>can contribute to post-infectious neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that accumulation of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>in the brain could be reduced by inhibiting microRNA (miR)-155, a microRNA that influences development of cytotoxic CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T lymphocytes during infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>C57BL\/6J mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection with a lethal inoculum of<jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>) then treated with antibiotics. Flow cytometry was used to quantify specific populations of brain leukocytes 28\u201329 days (d) post-infection (p.i.). To test the degree to which miR-155 altered leukocyte influxes into the brain, infected mice were injected with a miR-155 inhibitor or locked nucleic acid (LNA) scramble control 2d, 4d, 6d, and 8d p.i. along with antibiotic treatment. Bacterial loads in spleen and liver and body weights were measured up to 7d p.i. Brain leukocytes were analyzed 14d and 28d p.i. Confirmatory studies were performed in mutated mice lacking miR-155 (miR-155<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>infection significantly increased the numbers of brain CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes at 28d p.i. These cells were extravascular, and displayed markers characteristic of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>, with the predominant phenotype of CD44<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>CD69<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CX3CR1<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Further analysis showed that &gt;\u200975% of brain<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>also expressed CD49a, PD-1, Ly6C, CD103, and CD127. Mice injected with miR-155 inhibitor lost less weight through 7d p.i. than did control mice, whereas bacterial loads in brain, liver, and spleen were not different from controls. By 28d p.i., the numbers of brain CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>cells were significantly decreased in mice treated with the inhibitor compared with controls. Similarly, miR-155<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice showed significantly reduced numbers of brain CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>cells by 28d p.i.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>populations are established during neuroinvasive<jats:italic>Lm<\/jats:italic>infection. Accumulation of brain CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>cells is reduced by blocking miR-155 and in miR-155<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice, indicating that this molecule has a critical role in development of these specialized cells. Administering anti-miR-155 during infection could provide a novel avenue for reducing post-infectious neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01929-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1599033884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Neuroinvasive Listeria monocytogenes infection triggers accumulation of brain CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells in a miR-155-dependent fashion"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Sonntag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Drevets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1929_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","volume":"18","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Nichols E, Alam T, Bannick MS, Beghi E, Blake N, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2019;18(5):459\u201380.","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology."},{"issue":"5","key":"1929_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70048-7","volume":"10","author":"K Edmond","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edmond K, Clark A, Korczak VS, Sanderson C, Griffiths UK, Rudan I. Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2010;10(5):317\u201328.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases."},{"issue":"10063","key":"1929_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30654-7","volume":"388","author":"F McGill","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGill F, Heyderman RS, Panagiotou S, Tunkel AR, Solomon T. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. The Lancet. 2016;388(10063):3036\u201347.","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"issue":"4","key":"1929_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20944","volume":"60","author":"M Weisfelt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weisfelt M, Hoogman M, van de Beek D, de Gans J, Dreschler WA, Schmand BA. Dexamethasone and long-term outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis. Ann Neurol. 2006;60(4):456\u201368.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"1929_CR5","volume":"9","author":"MC Brouwer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, van de Beek D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;9:CD004405.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"24","key":"1929_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065711","volume":"357","author":"M Scarborough","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scarborough M, Gordon SB, Whitty CJ, French N, Njalale Y, Chitani A, et al. Corticosteroids for bacterial meningitis in adults in sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(24):2441\u201350.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.05.008","volume":"69","author":"HG Maxeiner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maxeiner HG, Marion Schneider E, Kurfiss ST, Brettschneider J, Tumani H, Bechter K. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokine profiling to detect immune control of infectious and inflammatory neurological and psychiatric diseases. Cytokine. 2014;69(1):62\u20137.","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"key":"1929_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00160","volume":"7","author":"MA Sugimoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of inflammation: what controls its onset? Front Immunol. 2016;7:160.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12650","volume":"283","author":"T Gebhardt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev. 2018;283(1):54\u201376.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"1929_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00335","volume":"8","author":"TA Landrith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Landrith TA, Sureshchandra S, Rivera A, Jang JC, Rais M, Nair MG, et al. CD103(+) CD8 T Cells in the toxoplasma-infected brain exhibit a tissue-resident memory transcriptional profile. Front Immunol. 2017;8:335.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"42","key":"1929_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010201107","volume":"107","author":"LM Wakim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wakim LM, Woodward-Davis A, Bevan MJ. Memory T cells persisting within the brain after local infection show functional adaptations to their tissue of residence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(42):17872\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"10","key":"1929_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2017.62","volume":"95","author":"AHA Shwetank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shwetank AHA, Frost EL, Schmitz HM, Mockus TE, Youngblood BA, et al. Maintenance of PD-1 on brain-resident memory CD8 T cells is antigen independent. Immunol Cell Biol. 2017;95(10):953\u20139.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."},{"key":"1929_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban SL, Jensen IJ, Shan Q, Pewe LL, Xue HH, Badovinac VP, et al. Peripherally induced brain tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells mediate protection against CNS infection. Nat Immunol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0711-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"1929_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0427-y","volume":"22","author":"C Garber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garber C, Soung A, Vollmer LL, Kanmogne M, Last A, Brown J, et al. T cells promote microglia-mediated synaptic elimination and cognitive dysfunction during recovery from neuropathogenic flaviviruses. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(8):1276\u201388.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"1929_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad S, Hu S, Sheng WS, Chauhan P, Lokensgard JR. Recall responses from brain-resident memory CD8(+) T cells (bTRM) induce reactive gliosis. iScience. 2019;20:512-26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.10.005"},{"issue":"7764","key":"1929_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1362-5","volume":"571","author":"BW Dulken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dulken BW, Buckley MT, Navarro Negredo P, Saligrama N, Cayrol R, Leeman DS, et al. Single-cell analysis reveals T cell infiltration in old neurogenic niches. Nature. 2019;571(7764):205\u201310.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"2","key":"1929_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00404.x","volume":"53","author":"DA Drevets","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drevets DA, Bronze MS. Listeria monocytogenes: epidemiology, human disease, and mechanisms of brain invasion. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008;53(2):151\u201365.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.1.27","volume":"170","author":"H Rosen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rosen H, Gordon S, North RJ. Exacerbation of murine listeriosis by a monoclonal antibody specific for the type 3 complement receptor of myelomonocytic cells. Absence of monocytes at infective foci allows Listeria to multiply in nonphagocytic cells. J Exp Med. 1989;170(1):27\u201337.","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"1929_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.6.2514","volume":"157","author":"SH Gregory","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gregory SH, Sagnimeni HJ, Wing EJ. Bacteria in the bloodstream are trapped in the liver and killed by immigrating neutrophils. J Immunol. 1996;157:2514\u201320.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1995.0029","volume":"18","author":"P Berche","year":"1995","unstructured":"Berche P. Bacteremia is required for invasion of the murine central nervous system by Listeria monocytogenes. Microb Pathog. 1995;18:323\u201336.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"1929_CR21","first-page":"167","volume":"7","author":"S Ezine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Join-Lambert OF, Ezine S, Le Monnier A, Jaubert F, Okabe M, Berche P, et al. Listeria monocytogenes-infected bone marrow myeloid cells promote bacterial invasion of the central nervous system. Cell Microbiol. 2005;7:167\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"1929_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4418","volume":"172","author":"DA Drevets","year":"2004","unstructured":"Drevets DA, Dillon MJ, Schawang JS, Van Rooijen N, Ehrchen J, Sunderkotter C, et al. The Ly-6Chigh monocyte subpopulation transports Listeria monocytogenes into the brain during systemic infection of mice. J Immunol. 2004;172:4418\u201324.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02751","volume":"9","author":"M Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang M, Gillaspy AF, Gipson JR, Cassidy BR, Nave JL, Brewer MF, et al. Neuroinvasive Listeria monocytogenes infection triggers IFN-activation of microglia and upregulates microglial miR-155. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2751.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048246","volume":"351","author":"MN Swartz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swartz MN. Bacterial meningitis\u2014a view of the past 90 years. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1826\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1929_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.02.013","volume":"1792","author":"I Faraoni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faraoni I, Antonetti FR, Cardone J, Bonmassar E. miR-155 gene: a typical multifunctional microRNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1792:497\u2013505.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"1929_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slota JA, Booth SA. MicroRNAs in neuroinflammation: implications in disease pathogenesis, biomarker discovery and therapeutic applications. Noncoding RNA. 2019;5(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5020035"},{"key":"1929_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.011","volume":"132","author":"A Rebane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rebane A, Akdis CA. MicroRNAs: Essential players in the regulation of inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:15\u201326.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075013","volume":"30","author":"RM O'Connell","year":"2012","unstructured":"O'Connell RM, Rao DS, Baltimore D. MicroRNA regulation of inflammatory responses. Annu Rev of Immunol. 2012;30:295\u2013312.","journal-title":"Annu Rev of Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2296","volume":"19","author":"MR Fabian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fabian MR, Sonenberg N. The mechanics of miRNA-mediated gene silencing: a look under the hood of miRISC. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012;19:586\u201393.","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol."},{"key":"1929_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00908-X","volume":"110","author":"J Martinez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martinez J, Patkaniowska A, Urlaub H, L\u00fchrmann R, Tuschl T. Single-stranded antisense siRNAs guide target RNA cleavage in RNAi. Cell. 2002;110:563\u201374.","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"1929_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6967","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304410110","volume":"110","author":"CL Zawislak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zawislak CL, Beaulieu AM, Loeb GB, Karo J, Canner D, Bezman NA, et al. Stage-specific regulation of natural killer cell homeostasis and response against viral infection by microRNA-155. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:6967\u201372.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"1929_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610731104","volume":"104","author":"RM O'Connell","year":"2007","unstructured":"O'Connell RM, Taganov KD, Boldin MP, Cheng G, Baltimore D. MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:1604\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"1929_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2576","volume":"14","author":"DT Gracias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gracias DT, Stelekati E, Hope JL, Boesteanu AC, Doering TA, Norton J, et al. The microRNA miR-155 controls CD8(+) T cell responses by regulating interferon signaling. Nat Immunol. 2013;14:593\u2013602.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202700","volume":"190","author":"EF Lind","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lind EF, Elford AR, Ohashi PS. Micro-RNA 155 is required for optimal CD8+ T cell responses to acute viral and intracellular bacterial challenges. J Immunol. 2013;190:1210\u20136.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302326","volume":"192","author":"S Bhela","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhela S, Mulik S, Reddy PB, Richardson RL, Gimenez F, Rajasagi NK, et al. Critical role of microRNA-155 in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Immunol. 2014;192:2734\u201343.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01696","volume":"8","author":"JL Hope","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hope JL, Stairiker CJ, Spantidea PI, Gracias DT, Carey AJ, Fike AJ, et al. The Transcription factor T-bet is regulated by microRNA-155 in murine anti-viral CD8(+) T cells via SHIP-1. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1696.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.018","volume":"41","author":"CS Klose","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klose CS, Blatz K, d'Hargues Y, Hernandez PP, Kofoed-Nielsen M, Ripka JF, et al. The transcription factor T-bet is induced by IL-15 and thymic agonist selection and controls CD8alphaalpha(+) intraepithelial lymphocyte development. Immunity. 2014;41:230\u201343.","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"1929_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.27.2.455-460.1980","volume":"27","author":"LA Baker","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baker LA, Campbell PA. Thioglycolate medium decreases resistance to bacterial infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1980;27:455\u201360.","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"1929_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.005","volume":"9","author":"KG Anderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson KG, Mayer-Barber K, Sung H, Beura L, James BR, Taylor JJ, et al. Intravascular staining for discrimination of vascular and tissue leukocytes. Nat Protoc. 2014;9:209\u201322.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"1929_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25:402\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods."},{"key":"1929_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07053-9","volume":"9","author":"J Smolders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smolders J, Heutinck KM, Fransen NL, Remmerswaal EBM, Hombrink P, Ten Berge IJM, et al. Tissue-resident memory T cells populate the human brain. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4593.","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"1929_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040760","volume":"41","author":"A Hanninen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanninen A, Maksimow M, Alam C, Morgan DJ, Jalkanen S. Ly6C supports preferential homing of central memory CD8+ T cells into lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol. 2011;41:634\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324087","volume":"33","author":"Y Lin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lin Y, Roberts TJ, Sriram V, Cho S, Brutkiewicz RR. Myeloid marker expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells following an acute virus infection. Eur J Immunol. 2003;33:2736\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.006","volume":"38","author":"JC Dudda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dudda JC, Salaun B, Ji Y, Palmer DC, Monnot GC, Merck E, et al. MicroRNA-155 is required for effector CD8+ T cell responses to virus infection and cancer. Immunity. 2013;38:742\u201353.","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"1929_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/80877","volume":"1","author":"J Hendriks","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hendriks J, Gravestein LA, Tesselaar K, van Lier RA, Schumacher TN, Borst J. CD27 is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. Nat Immunol. 2000;1:433\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR46","unstructured":"Exiqon. In vivo Guidelines - Analyzing RNA function in animal models. Available from: http:\/\/www.exiqon.com\/ls\/Documents\/Scientific\/ExiqonInVivoGuidelines.pdf."},{"key":"1929_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.221","volume":"6","author":"S Prasad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad S, Hu S, Sheng WS, Chauhan P, Lokensgard JR. Reactive glia promote development of CD103(+) CD69(+) CD8(+) T-cells through programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Immun Inflamm Dis. 2018;6:332\u201344.","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis."},{"key":"1929_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.02.003","volume":"38","author":"A Kallies","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kallies A, Good-Jacobson KL. Transcription factor T-bet orchestrates lineage development and function in the immune system. Trends Immunol. 2017;38:287\u201397.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.07.002","volume":"43","author":"M Michels","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michels M, Vieira AS, Vuolo F, Zapelini HG, Mendonca B, Mina F, et al. The role of microglia activation in the development of sepsis-induced long-term cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;43:54\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"1929_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9107-4","volume":"53","author":"T Barichello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barichello T, Generoso JS, Simoes LR, Goularte JA, Petronilho F, Saigal P, et al. Role of microglial activation in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53:1770\u201381.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"1929_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz649","volume":"70","author":"L Ter Horst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ter Horst L, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults with cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:2256\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"1929_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502021","volume":"196","author":"RM Ritzel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ritzel RM, Crapser J, Patel AR, Verma R, Grenier JM, Chauhan A, et al. Age-associated resident memory CD8 T Cells in the central nervous system are primed to potentiate inflammation after ischemic brain injury. J Immunol. 2016;196:3318\u201330.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2016.00139","volume":"23","author":"KR Barker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barker KR, Lu Z, Kim H, Zheng Y, Chen J, Conroy AL, et al. miR-155 Modifies inflammation, endothelial activation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in cerebral malaria. Mol Med. 2017;23:24\u201333.","journal-title":"Mol Med."},{"key":"1929_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21233","volume":"59","author":"L Tarassishin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tarassishin L, Loudig O, Bauman A, Shafit-Zagardo B, Suh HS, Lee SC. Interferon regulatory factor 3 inhibits astrocyte inflammatory gene expression through suppression of the proinflammatory miR-155 and miR-155*. Glia. 2011;59:1911\u201322.","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"1929_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12446","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1641-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"E Caballero-Garrido","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caballero-Garrido E, Pena-Philippides JC, Lordkipanidze T, Bragin D, Yang Y, Erhardt EB, et al. In vivo inhibition of miR-155 promotes recovery after experimental mouse stroke. J Neurosci. 2015;35:12446\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"1929_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003952","volume":"187","author":"G Murugaiyan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murugaiyan G, Beynon V, Mittal A, Joller N, Weiner HL. Silencing microRNA-155 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 2011;187:2213\u201321.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0665-9","volume":"16","author":"RJ Henry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henry RJ, Doran SJ, Barrett JP, Meadows VE, Sabirzhanov B, Stoica BA, et al. Inhibition of miR-155 limits neuroinflammation and improves functional recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16:216\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"1929_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2834","volume":"18","author":"EM Jimenez-Mateos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jimenez-Mateos EM, Engel T, Merino-Serrais P, McKiernan RC, Tanaka K, Mouri G, et al. Silencing microRNA-134 produces neuroprotective and prolonged seizure-suppressive effects. Nat Med. 2012;18:1087\u201394.","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"1929_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09202","volume":"466","author":"JA Hollander","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hollander JA, Im HI, Amelio AL, Kocerha J, Bali P, Lu Q, et al. Striatal microRNA controls cocaine intake through CREB signalling. Nature. 2010;466:197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1929_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.028","volume":"48","author":"D Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang D, Diao H, Getzler AJ, Rogal W, Frederick MA, Milner J, et al. The transcription factor Runx3 establishes chromatin accessibility of cis-regulatory landscapes that drive memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte formation. Immunity. 2018;48:659\u201374 e6.","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"1929_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24993","volume":"552","author":"JJ Milner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Milner JJ, Toma C, Yu B, Zhang K, Omilusik K, Phan AT, et al. Runx3 programs CD8(+) T cell residency in non-lymphoid tissues and tumours. Nature. 2017;552:253\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1929_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00184","volume":"10","author":"T Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu T, Keller A, Martinez GJ. NFAT1 and NFAT2 Differentially regulate CTL differentiation upon acute viral infection. Front Immunol. 2019;10:184.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1929_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44809","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44809","volume":"7","author":"K Niu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niu K, Xu J, Cao Y, Hou Y, Shan M, Wang Y, et al. BAP31 is involved in T cell activation through TCR signal pathways. Sci Rep. 2017;7:44809.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"1929_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.977","volume":"192","author":"GZ Tau","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tau GZ, von der Weid T, Lu B, Cowan S, Kvatyuk M, Pernis A, et al. Interferon gamma signaling alters the function of T helper type 1 cells. J Exp Med. 2000;192:977\u201386.","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"1929_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso AL, Guedes JR, Pereira de Almeida L, Pedroso de Lima MC. miR-155 modulates microglia-mediated immune response by down-regulating SOCS-1 and promoting cytokine and nitric oxide production. Immunology. 2012;135:73-88.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03514.x"},{"key":"1929_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1629","volume":"9","author":"Y Ziv","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ziv Y, Ron N, Butovsky O, Landa G, Sudai E, Greenberg N, et al. Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:268\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"1929_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.08.014","volume":"22","author":"J Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen J, Buchanan JB, Sparkman NL, Godbout JP, Freund GG, Johnson RW. Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immune system. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22:301\u201311.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01929-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01929-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01929-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T18:58:55Z","timestamp":1696618735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01929-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01929-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Mouse experiments were conducted with the approval of the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"259"}}