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The thymus is the effector organ, and its removal alleviates the symptoms of the disease. In the early-onset form of MG, the thymus displays functional and morphological abnormalities such as B cell infiltration leading to follicular hyperplasia, and the production of AChR antibodies. Type-I interferon (IFN-I), especially IFN-\u03b2, is the orchestrator of thymic changes observed in MG. As Dicer and miR-29 subtypes play a role in modulating the IFN-I signalization in mouse thymus, we investigated their expression in MG thymus.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The expression of DICER and miR-29 subtypes were thoroughly investigated by RT-PCR in human control and MG thymuses, and in thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Using miR-29a\/b-1-deficient mice, with lower miR-29a\/b-1 expression, we investigated their susceptibility to experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) as compared to wild-type mice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>DICER mRNA and all miR-29 subtypes were down-regulated in the thymus of MG patients and DICER expression was correlated with the lower expression of miR-29a-3p. A decreased expression of miR-29 subtypes was similarly observed in MG TECs; a decrease also induced in TECs upon IFN-\u03b2 treatment. We demonstrated that miR-29a\/b-1-deficient mice were more susceptible to EAMG without higher levels of anti-AChR IgG subtypes. In the thymus, if no B cell infiltration was observed, an increased expression of <jats:italic>Ifn-\u03b2<\/jats:italic> associated with <jats:italic>Baff<\/jats:italic> expression and the differentiation of Th17 cells associated with increased expression of <jats:italic>Il-6<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Il-17a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Il-21<\/jats:italic> and decreased <jats:italic>Tgf-\u03b21<\/jats:italic> mRNA were demonstrated in miR-29a\/b-1-deficient EAMG mice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It is not clear if the decreased expression of miR-29 subtypes in human MG is a consequence or a causative factor of thymic inflammation. However, our results from the EAMG mouse model indicated that a reduction in miR-29a\/b1 may contribute to the pathophysiological process involved in MG by favoring the increased expression of IFN-\u03b2 and the emergence of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01958-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T17:03:50Z","timestamp":1602176630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Decreased expression of miR-29 family associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lanie A.","family":"Cron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clo\u00e9 A.","family":"Payet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odessa-Maud","family":"Fayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol\u00e8ne","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Truffault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Guihaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Berrih-Aknin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Liston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozen","family":"Le Panse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1958_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.011","volume":"52","author":"S Berrih-Aknin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berrih-Aknin S, Le Panse R. 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The animal experimental protocols were approved according to European and French ethics agreements (n\u00b0 2569.01).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"294"}}