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Past work suggested that periodontal infection may cause cognitive impairment in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To elucidate the mechanisms by which metabolites such as LPS and BA, resulting from<jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>activity, induce immunological and physiological abnormalities in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present work, 28 male ICR mice were placed in an open-field arena and the total distance (cm\/600 s) they covered was recorded. Based on their moving distances, mice were divided into 4 groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 7) and injected the following substances into their gingival tissues for 32 consecutive days: saline (C), 5 mmol\/L of BA (B), 1 \u03bcg\/mouse of LPS (L), and BA-LPS (BL) solutions. Distances covered by mice were also measured on days 14 and 21, with their habituation scores considered as \u201c(moving distance on day 14 or 21)\/(moving distance on day 0)\u201d. Afterwards, mice were dissected, and hippocampal gene expression and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters and cytokines in their blood plasma and brains were analyzed. In addition, mouse brain and liver tissues were fixed and visually assessed for histopathological abnormalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group BL had significantly higher habituation scores than C and B on day 14. LPS induced higher habituation scores on day 21. LPS induced significant decreases in the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and brain-derived neurotrophic factors, and an increase in neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2. In both plasma and brain, LPS induced a significant acetate increase. Moreover, LPS significantly increased acetylcholine in brain. In plasma alone, LPS and BA significantly decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein 1\u00a0(MCP-1). However, while LPS significantly decreased tyrosine, BA significantly increased it. Lastly, LPS significantly decreased IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor in plasma. No histopathological abnormalities were detected in liver or brain tissues of mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that injections of LPS and\/or BA induced mice to move seemingly tireless and that both LPS and BA injections strongly induced a reduction of MCP-1 in blood plasma. We concluded that LPS and BA may have been crucial to induce and\/or aggravate abnormal behavior in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02008-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T08:03:13Z","timestamp":1604563393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Consecutive intra-gingival injections of lipopolysaccharide and butyric acid to mice induce abnormal behavior and changes in cytokine concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamitsu","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kawase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuniyasu","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800101301","volume":"80","author":"Y Noiri","year":"2001","unstructured":"Noiri Y, Li L, Ebisu S. 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