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Alterations in proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, an essential process for mitochondrial integrity and function, have been reported in AD brains. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics causes mitochondrial dysfunction and has been associated with cognitive impairment in AD. Here, we investigated a possible link between pro-inflammatory interleukin-1 (IL-1), mitochondrial dysfunction, and cognitive impairment in AD models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We exposed primary hippocampal cell cultures to amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers (A\u03b2Os) and carried out A\u03b2O infusions into the lateral cerebral ventricle of cynomolgus macaques to assess the impact of A\u03b2Os on proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics. Where indicated, primary cultures were pre-treated with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (mdivi-1), or with anakinra, a recombinant interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) antagonist used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Cognitive impairment was investigated in C57BL\/6 mice that received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of A\u03b2Os in the presence or absence of mdivi-1. To assess the role of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) in A\u03b2O-induced alterations in mitochondrial proteins and memory impairment, interleukin receptor-1 knockout (<jats:italic>Il1r1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>) mice received an i.c.v. infusion of A\u03b2Os.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We report that anakinra prevented A\u03b2O-induced alteration in mitochondrial dynamics proteins in primary hippocampal cultures. Altered levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission were observed in the brains of cynomolgus macaques that received i.c.v. infusions of A\u03b2Os. The mitochondrial fission inhibitor, mdivi-1, alleviated synapse loss and cognitive impairment induced by A\u03b2Os in mice. In addition, A\u03b2Os failed to cause alterations in expression of mitochondrial dynamics proteins or memory impairment in <jats:italic>Il1r1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings indicate that IL-1\u03b2 mediates the impact of A\u03b2Os on proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and that strategies aimed to prevent pathological alterations in those proteins may counteract synapse loss and cognitive impairment in AD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02099-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T06:03:18Z","timestamp":1613887398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Interleukin-1\u03b2 mediates alterations in mitochondrial fusion\/fission proteins and memory impairment induced by amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andre F.","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayn\u00e1","family":"Rody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Forny-Germano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Cerdeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bellio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio T.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda G.","family":"De Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15056","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.56","volume":"1","author":"CL Masters","year":"2015","unstructured":"Masters CL, Bateman R, Blennow K, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Cummings JL. 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