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Metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in regulating microglial polarization. We therefore hypothesized that surgical trauma can activate microglial M1 polarization by metabolic reprogramming to induce hippocampal neuroinflammation and subsequent postoperative cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used aged mice to establish a model of PNDs, and investigated whether surgical trauma induced metabolic reprograming in hippocampus using PET\/CT and GC\/TOF\u2013MS based metabolomic analysis. We then determined the effect of the glycolytic inhibitor\u00a02-deoxy-\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      -glucose (2-DG) on hippocampal microglial M1 polarization, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function at 3 d after surgery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that surgery group had less context-related freezing time than either control or anesthesia group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) without significant difference in tone-related freezing time (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The level of Iba-1 fluorescence intensity in hippocampus were significantly increased in surgery group than that in control group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) accompanied by activated morphological changes of microglia and increased expression of iNOS\/CD86 (M1 marker) in enriched microglia from hippocampus (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). PET\/CT and metabolomics analysis indicated that surgical trauma provoked the metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in hippocampus. Inhibition of glycolysis by 2-DG significantly alleviated the surgical trauma induced increase of M1 (CD86\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD206\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) phenotype in enriched microglia from hippocampus and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6) expression in hippocampus. Furthermore, glycolytic inhibition by 2-DG ameliorated the hippocampus dependent cognitive deficit caused by surgical trauma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic reprogramming is crucial for regulating hippocampal microglial M1 polarization and neuroinflammation in PNDs. Manipulating microglial metabolism might provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for treating PNDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02318-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T07:02:59Z","timestamp":1636786979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Metabolic reprogramming mediates hippocampal microglial M1 polarization in response to surgical trauma causing perioperative neurocognitive disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0150-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2318_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002334","volume":"129","author":"L Evered","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evered L, Silbert B, Knopman DS, Scott DA, DeKosky ST, Rasmussen LS, Oh ES, Crosby G, Berger M, Eckenhoff RG. 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