{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:09:47Z","timestamp":1793970587946,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Education and Research Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany","award":["1499 TG93 U1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1499 TG93 U1"]}]},{"name":"open access publishing fund of ruprecht-karls-universit\u00e4t heidelberg"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"swiss national science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4078P0_198345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4078P0_198345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the loop - university medical research center zurich, switzerland"},{"name":"bih-charit\u00e9 clinician scientist program, funded by the charit\u00e9 \u2013 universit\u00e4tsmedizin berlin and the berlin institute of health, berlin, germany"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018936","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Comprehensive data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile in patients with COVID-19 and neurological involvement from large-scale multicenter studies are missing so far.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To analyze systematically the CSF profile in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients with PCR-proven COVID-19 and neurological symptoms seen at 17 European university centers<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The most frequent pathological finding was blood-CSF barrier (BCB) dysfunction (median QAlb 11.4 [6.72\u201350.8]), which was present in 58\/116 (50%) samples from patients without pre-\/coexisting CNS diseases (group I). QAlb remained elevated\u2009&gt;\u200914d (47.6%) and even\u2009&gt;\u200930d (55.6%) after neurological onset. CSF total protein was elevated in 54\/118 (45.8%) samples (median 65.35\u00a0mg\/dl [45.3\u2013240.4]) and strongly correlated with QAlb. The CSF white cell count (WCC) was increased in 14\/128 (11%) samples\u00a0(mostly lympho-monocytic; median 10\u00a0cells\/\u00b5l,\u2009&gt;\u2009100 in only 4). An albuminocytological dissociation (ACD) was found in 43\/115 (37.4%)\u00a0samples. CSF <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-lactate was increased in 26\/109 (24%; median 3.04\u00a0mmol\/l [2.2\u20134]). CSF-IgG was elevated in 50\/100 (50%), but was of peripheral origin, since QIgG was normal in almost all cases, as were QIgA and QIgM. In 58\/103 samples (56%) pattern 4 oligoclonal bands (OCB) compatible with systemic inflammation were present, while CSF-restricted OCB were found in only 2\/103 (1.9%). SARS-CoV-2-CSF-PCR was negative in 76\/76 samples. Routine CSF findings were normal in 35%. Cytokine levels were frequently elevated in the CSF (often associated with BCB dysfunction) and serum, partly remaining positive at high levels for weeks\/months (939 tests). Of note, a positive SARS-CoV-2-IgG-antibody index (AI) was found in 2\/19 (10.5%) patients which was associated with unusually high WCC in both of them and a strongly increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) index in one (not tested in the other). Anti-neuronal\/anti-glial autoantibodies were mostly absent in the CSF and serum (1509 tests). In samples from patients with pre-\/coexisting CNS disorders (group II [<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200919]; including multiple sclerosis, JC-virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, HSV\/VZV encephalitis\/meningitis, CNS lymphoma, anti-Yo syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage), CSF findings were mostly representative of the respective disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The CSF profile in COVID-19 with neurological symptoms is mainly characterized by BCB disruption in the absence of intrathecal inflammation, compatible with cerebrospinal endotheliopathy. Persistent BCB dysfunction and elevated cytokine levels may contribute to both acute symptoms and \u2018long COVID\u2019. Direct infection of the CNS with SARS-CoV-2, if occurring at all, seems to be rare. Broad differential diagnostic considerations are recommended to avoid misinterpretation of treatable coexisting neurological disorders as complications of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02339-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T13:02:55Z","timestamp":1642683775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19: a multicenter study of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sven","family":"Jarius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Pache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"K\u00f6rtvelyessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilijas","family":"Jel\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Franciotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Ringelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makbule","family":"Senel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Regeniter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rea","family":"Kalantzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan F.","family":"Willms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Berthele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Capobianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Eisele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Reichen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Dersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Rauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Sandner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Ayzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina C.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Hegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Kleiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Lenhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Angstwurm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kleinschnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lewerenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayrettin","family":"Tumani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Stangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Ruprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Wildemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"in cooperation with the German Society for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09896-z","volume":"267","author":"M Leonardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leonardi M, Padovani A, McArthur JC. Neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19: a review and a call for action. J Neurol. 2020;267:1573\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10067-3","volume":"268","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Laurent S, Onur OA, Kleineberg NN, Fink GR, Schweitzer F, Warnke C. A systematic review of neurological symptoms and complications of COVID-19. J Neurol. 2021;268:392\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30203-0","volume":"7","author":"JP Rogers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Zandi MS, Lewis G, David AS. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:611\u201327.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2339_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e957","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000957","volume":"8","author":"V Fuchs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuchs V, Kutza M, Wischnewski S, Deigendesch N, Lutz L, Kulsvehagen L, Ricken G, Kappos L, Tzankov A, Hametner S, et al. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 transcripts in the choroid plexus of ms and non-ms patients with COVID-19. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021;8:e957.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2339_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","volume":"24","author":"J Meinhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C, Franz J, Thomas C, Mothes R, Laue M, Schneider J, Brunink S, Greuel S, et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:168\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2339_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song E, Zhang C, Israelow B, Lu-Culligan A, Prado AV, Skriabine S, Lu P, Weizman OE, Liu F, Dai Y, et al. Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain. J Exp Med. 2021.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.25.169946"},{"key":"2339_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e893","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000893","volume":"7","author":"H Alexopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexopoulos H, Magira E, Bitzogli K, Kafasi N, Vlachoyiannopoulos P, Tzioufas A, Kotanidou A, Dalakas MC. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the CSF, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and neurological outcome: Studies in 8 stuporous and comatose patients. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020;7:e893.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2339_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000821","volume":"7","author":"M Bodro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bodro M, Compta Y, Llanso L, Esteller D, Doncel-Moriano A, Mesa A, Rodriguez A, Sarto J, Martinez-Hernandez E, Vlagea A, et al. Increased CSF levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2-associated encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020;7:e821.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2339_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.002","volume":"104","author":"M Tandon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tandon M, Kataria S, Patel J, Mehta TR, Daimee M, Patel V, Prasad A, Chowdhary AA, Jaiswal S, Sriwastava S. A Comprehensive Systematic Review of CSF analysis that defines Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:390\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2339_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04946-w","volume":"42","author":"RL Tuma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuma RL, Guedes BF, Carra R, Iepsen B, Rodrigues J, Camelo-Filho AE, Kubota G, Ferrari M, Studart-Neto A, Oku MH, et al. Clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and neuroimaging findings in COVID-19 encephalopathy: a case series. Neurol Sci. 2021;42:479\u201389.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117316","volume":"421","author":"A Lewis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lewis A, Frontera J, Placantonakis DG, Lighter J, Galetta S, Balcer L, Melmed KR. Cerebrospinal fluid in COVID-19: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 2021;421:117316.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa745","volume":"223","author":"F Lersy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lersy F, Benotmane I, Helms J, Collange O, Schenck M, Brisset JC, Chammas A, Willaume T, Lefebvre N, Solis M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid features in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and neurological manifestations: correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in 58 patients. J Infect Dis. 2021;223:600\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2339_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01824-2","volume":"17","author":"S Jarius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarius S, Pellkofer H, Siebert N, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Hummert MW, Ringelstein M, Rommer PS, Ayzenberg I, Ruprecht K, Klotz L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: Results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:261.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01825-1","volume":"17","author":"S Jarius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarius S, Lechner C, Wendel EM, Baumann M, Breu M, Schimmel M, Karenfort M, Marina AD, Merkenschlager A, Thiels C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 2: Results from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:262.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.038","volume":"306","author":"S Jarius","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D, Ruprecht K, Ringelstein M, Bergamaschi R, Rommer P, Kleiter I, Stich O, Reuss R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci. 2011;306:82\u201390.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0929-z","volume":"14","author":"S Jarius","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jarius S, Konig FB, Metz I, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Bruck W, Wildemann B. Pattern II and pattern III MS are entities distinct from pattern I MS: evidence from cerebrospinal fluid analysis. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:171.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1043-y","volume":"15","author":"S Jarius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarius S, Wurthwein C, Behrens JR, Wanner J, Haas J, Paul F, Wildemann B. Balo\u2019s concentric sclerosis is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of almost 150 lumbar punctures. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:22.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1425-4","volume":"16","author":"S Jarius","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jarius S, Haas J, Paul F, Wildemann B. Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis (Schilder\u2019s disease) is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of 92 lumbar punctures. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:51.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR19","unstructured":"Tumani H, Petereit H-F: Leitlinie Lumbalpunktion und Liquordiagnostik, S1-Leitlinie, 2019, in: Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Liquordiagnostik und Klinische Neurochemie (Hrsg.), Leitlinien f\u00fcr Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Online: www.dgn.org\/leitlinien. abgerufen am 07 May 2020."},{"key":"2339_CR20","volume-title":"[CSF diagnostics. Guidelines and catalogue of methods of the German Society for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry]","author":"HF Petereit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petereit HF, Sindern E, Wick M. [CSF diagnostics. Guidelines and catalogue of methods of the German Society for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry]. Heidelberg: Springer; 2007."},{"key":"2339_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-0051-z","volume":"2","author":"H Tumani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tumani H, Petereit HF, Gerritzen A, Gross CC, Huss A, Isenmann S, Jesse S, Khalil M, Lewczuk P, Lewerenz J, et al. S1 guidelines \u201clumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis\u201d (abridged and translated version). Neurol Res Pract. 2020;2:8.","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract"},{"key":"2339_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.8.897","volume":"57","author":"M Andersson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andersson M, Alvarez-Cermeno J, Bernardi G, Cogato I, Fredman P, Frederiksen J, Fredrikson S, Gallo P, Grimaldi LM, Gronning M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:897\u2013902.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2339_CR23","first-page":"99","volume":"4","author":"H Reiber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reiber H. Cerebrospinal fluid\u2013physiology, analysis and interpretation of protein patterns for diagnosis of neurological diseases. Mult Scler. 1998;4:99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2339_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400304","volume":"4","author":"H Reiber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reiber H, Ungefehr S, Jacobi C. The intrathecal, polyspecific and oligoclonal immune response in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 1998;4:111\u20137.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2339_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90298-4","volume":"122","author":"H Reiber","year":"1994","unstructured":"Reiber H. Flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)\u2013a concept common to normal blood-CSF barrier function and to dysfunction in neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci. 1994;122:189\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152196","volume":"102","author":"H Kuzior","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuzior H, Fiebich BL, Yousif NM, Saliba SW, Ziegler C, Nickel K, Maier SJ, Suss P, Runge K, Matysik M, et al. Increased IL-8 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with unipolar depression. Compr Psychiatry. 2020;102:152196.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2339_CR27","first-page":"2875","volume":"36","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao Y, Tao X, Xu M. Value of cerebrospinal fluid IL-8 and IFN-\u03b3 level in early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis and evaluation of prognosis. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2020;36:2875.","journal-title":"Acta Medica Mediterranea"},{"key":"2339_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061761","volume":"9","author":"J Kaminska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaminska J, Lyson T, Chrzanowski R, Sawicki K, Milewska AJ, Tylicka M, Zinczuk J, Matowicka-Karna J, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Mariak Z, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM. Ratio of IL-8 in CSF versus Serum Is Elevated in Patients. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1761.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2339_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.4.534","volume":"70","author":"K Fassbender","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fassbender K, Hodapp B, Rossol S, Bertsch T, Schmeck J, Schutt S, Fritzinger M, Horn P, Vajkoczy P, Kreisel S, et al. Inflammatory cytokines in subarachnoid haemorrhage: association with abnormal blood flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:534\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2339_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000479319","volume":"24","author":"M Postal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Postal M, Ruocco HH, Brandao CO, Costallat LTL, Silva L, Cendes F, Appenzeller S. Interferon-gamma Is Associated with Cerebral Atrophy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. NeuroImmunoModulation. 2017;24:100\u20135.","journal-title":"NeuroImmunoModulation"},{"key":"2339_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.00053.x","volume":"104","author":"J Zaremba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zaremba J, Losy J. Early TNF-alpha levels correlate with ischaemic stroke severity. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001;104:288\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2339_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.882","volume":"167","author":"M Glimaker","year":"1993","unstructured":"Glimaker M, Kragsbjerg P, Forsgren M, Olcen P. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with meningitis of different etiologies: high levels of TNF alpha indicate bacterial meningitis. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:882\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2339_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90746-3","volume":"165","author":"M Mogi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mogi M, Harada M, Riederer P, Narabayashi H, Fujita K, Nagatsu T. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci Lett. 1994;165:208\u201310.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2339_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1339-6","volume":"15","author":"C Starhof","year":"2018","unstructured":"Starhof C, Winge K, Heegaard NHH, Skogstrand K, Friis S, Hejl A. Cerebrospinal fluid pro-inflammatory cytokines differentiate parkinsonian syndromes. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:305.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR35","volume-title":"Laboratory diagnosis in neurology","author":"B Wildemann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wildemann B, Oschmann P, Reiber H. Laboratory diagnosis in neurology. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2011."},{"key":"2339_CR36","first-page":"P248","volume":"12","author":"U Wurster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wurster U, Stachan R, Windhagen A, Petereit HF, Leweke FM. Reference values for standard cerebrospinal fluid examinations in multiple sclerosis. Results from 99 healthy volunteers. Mult Scler. 2006;12:P248.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2339_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00584","volume":"10","author":"P Schwenkenbecher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwenkenbecher P, Janssen T, Wurster U, Konen FF, Neyazi A, Ahlbrecht J, Puppe W, Bonig L, Suhs KW, Stangel M, et al. The influence of blood contamination on cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics. Front Neurol. 2019;10:584.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27040-x","volume":"12","author":"I Abela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abela I, Pasin C, Schwarzm\u00fcller M, Epp S, Sickmann M, Schanz M, Rusert P, Weber J, Schmutz S, Audig\u00e9 A, et al. Multifactorial SARS-CoV-2 seroprofiling dissects interdependencies with human coronaviruses and predicts neutralization activity. Nat Commun 2021;12:6703.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2339_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8360-4","volume":"264","author":"S Jarius","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jarius S, Eichhorn P, Franciotta D, Petereit HF, Akman-Demir G, Wick M, Wildemann B. The MRZ reaction as a highly specific marker of multiple sclerosis: re-evaluation and structured review of the literature. J Neurol. 2017;264:453\u201366.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","volume":"378","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-mediated encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:840\u201351.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2339_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00706","volume":"9","author":"C Hermetter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hermetter C, Fazekas F, Hochmeister S. Systematic review: syndromes, early diagnosis, and treatment in autoimmune encephalitis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:706.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.01.002","volume":"291","author":"S Jarius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarius S, Probst C, Borowski K, Franciotta D, Wildemann B, Stoecker W, Wandinger KP. Standardized method for the detection of antibodies to aquaporin-4 based on a highly sensitive immunofluorescence assay employing recombinant target antigen. J Neurol Sci. 2010;291:52\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12084","volume":"23","author":"S Jarius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jarius S, Wildemann B. Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: a critical review of the literature. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:661\u201383.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2339_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.07.027","volume":"497","author":"H Reiber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reiber H, Zeman D, Kusnierova P, Mundwiler E, Bernasconi L. Diagnostic relevance of free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid\u2014The hyperbolic reference range for reliable data interpretation in quotient diagrams. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;497:153\u201362.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2339_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040194","volume":"9","author":"P Schwenkenbecher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwenkenbecher P, Konen FF, Wurster U, Witte T, Gingele S, Suhs KW, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Reiber\u2019s diagram for kappa free light chains: the new standard for assessing intrathecal synthesis? Diagnostics (Basel). 2019;9:194.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2339_CR46","first-page":"107","volume":"35","author":"M Kestner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kestner M, Rosler AE, Baumg\u00e4rtner M, Lindner A, Orth M. CSF interleukin 6\u2014a useful biomarker of meningitis in adults?\/Liquor Interleukin 6\u2014a ein sinnvoller Biomarker f\u00fcr die Meningitis beim Erwachsenen. J Lab Med. 2011;35:107\u201313.","journal-title":"J Lab Med"},{"key":"2339_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.123","volume":"96","author":"OM Espindola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Espindola OM, Siqueira M, Soares CN, Lima M, Leite A, Araujo AQC, Brandao CO, Silva MTT. Patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations show undetectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:567\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2339_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30066-5","volume":"1","author":"G Destras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Destras G, Bal A, Escuret V, Morfin F, Lina B, Josset L, Group CO-DHS. Systematic SARS-CoV-2 screening in cerebrospinal fluid during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Microbe. 2020;1:e149.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2339_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1086\/339550","volume":"34","author":"AA Weil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weil AA, Glaser CA, Amad Z, Forghani B. Patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: rethinking an initial negative polymerase chain reaction result. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1154\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2339_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","volume":"47","author":"AR Tunkel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, Sejvar JJ, Marra CM, Roos KL, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Infectious Diseases Society of A. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:303\u201327.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2339_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03808.x","volume":"19","author":"I Steiner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Steiner I, Schmutzhard E, Sellner J, Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PG, European Federation of Neurological S, European Neurologic S. EFNS-ENS guidelines for the use of PCR technology for the diagnosis of infections of the nervous system. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1278\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.012","volume":"87","author":"YH Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang YH, Jiang D, Huang JT. SARS-CoV-2 detected in cerebrospinal fluid by PCR in a case of COVID-19 encephalitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:149.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2339_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.11.002","volume":"268","author":"S Jarius","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jarius S, Stich O, Rasiah C, Voltz R, Rauer S. Qualitative evidence of Ri specific IgG-synthesis in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Sci. 2008;268:65\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.07.019","volume":"229","author":"S Jarius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarius S, Stich O, Speck J, Rasiah C, Wildemann B, Meinck HM, Rauer S. Qualitative and quantitative evidence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase-specific intrathecal antibody synthesis in patients. J Neuroimmunol 2010;229:219\u201324.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2339_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00257-1","volume":"141","author":"O Stich","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stich O, Graus F, Rasiah C, Rauer S. Qualitative evidence of anti-Yo-specific intrathecal antibody synthesis in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;141:165\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2339_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422934","volume":"70","author":"K Felgenhauer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Felgenhauer K, Reiber H. The diagnostic significance of antibody specificity indices in multiple sclerosis and herpes virus induced diseases of the nervous system. Clin Investig. 1992;70:28\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Investig"},{"key":"2339_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400106","volume":"4","author":"JL Frederiksen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frederiksen JL, Sindic CJ. Intrathecal synthesis of virus-specific oligoclonal IgG, and of free kappa and free lambda oligoclonal bands in acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis. Comparison with brain MRI. Mult Scler. 1998;4:22\u20136.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2339_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-14","volume":"9","author":"S Jarius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarius S, Eichhorn P, Wildemann B, Wick M. Usefulness of antibody index assessment in cerebrospinal fluid from patients negative for total-IgG oligoclonal bands. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2012;9:14.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2339_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12350","volume":"131","author":"O Stich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stich O, Kluge J, Speck J, Rauer S. Oligoclonal restriction of antiviral immunoreaction in oligoclonal band-negative MS patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015;131:381\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2339_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90233-X","volume":"54","author":"CJ Sindic","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sindic CJ, Monteyne P, Laterre EC. The intrathecal synthesis of virus-specific oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1994;54:75\u201380.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2339_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040431","volume":"7","author":"I Brecht","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brecht I, Weissbrich B, Braun J, Toyka KV, Weishaupt A, Buttmann M. Intrathecal, polyspecific antiviral immune response in oligoclonal band negative multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e40431.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2339_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508101323","volume":"15","author":"O Stich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stich O, Kluge J, Speck J, Rauer S. Detection of virus-specific (measles, rubella, zoster) oligoclonal IgG-bands in CSF from multiple sclerosis patients without oligoclonal bands of total IgG. Mult Scler. 2009;15:S86.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2339_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00458-y","volume":"20","author":"J Kreye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreye J, Reincke SM, Pruss H. Do cross-reactive antibodies cause neuropathology in COVID-19? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:645\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2339_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","volume":"395","author":"Z Varga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395:1417\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2339_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-00357-4","volume":"17","author":"L Perico","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G. Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:46\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2339_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00454-7","volume":"5","author":"Y Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:293.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2339_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13569","volume":"27","author":"X Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J. Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2021;27:36\u201347.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"2339_CR68","first-page":"67","volume":"109","author":"H Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi H, Zuo Y, Gandhi AA, Sule G, Yalavarthi S, Gockman K, Madison JA, Wang J, Zuo M, Shi Y, et al. Endothelial cell-activating antibodies in COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2021;109:67.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"2339_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20407","volume":"77","author":"YH Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang YH, Huang YH, Chuang YH, Peng CM, Wang LC, Lin YT, Chiang BL. Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection. J Med Virol. 2005;77:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2339_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107233","volume":"48","author":"LM Buja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buja LM, Wolf DA, Zhao B, Akkanti B, McDonald M, Lelenwa L, Reilly N, Ottaviani G, Elghetany MT, Trujillo DO, et al. The emerging spectrum of cardiopulmonary pathology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Report of 3 autopsies from Houston, Texas, and review of autopsy findings from other United States cities. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020;48:107233.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2339_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","volume":"383","author":"M Ackermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, Haverich A, Welte T, Laenger F, Vanstapel A, Werlein C, Stark H, Tzankov A, et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:120\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2339_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa606","volume":"60","author":"C Lacout","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lacout C, Rogez J, Orvain C, Nicot C, Rony L, Julien H, Urbanski G. A new diagnosis of systemic capillary leak syndrome in a patient with COVID-19. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60:e19\u201320.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2339_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.06.049","volume":"158","author":"R Case","year":"2020","unstructured":"Case R, Ramaniuk A, Martin P, Simpson PJ, Harden C, Ataya A. Systemic capillary leak syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019. Chest. 2020;158:e267\u20138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2339_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0156-9","volume":"35","author":"SD Sussmuth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sussmuth SD, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC, Tumani H. Hypercapnia is a possible determinant of the function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurochem Res. 2010;35:1071\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2339_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.001","volume":"27","author":"L Pellegrini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pellegrini L, Albecka A, Mallery DL, Kellner MJ, Paul D, Carter AP, James LC, Lancaster MA. SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain choroid plexus and disrupts the blood-CSF barrier in human brain organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27:951-961.e955.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2339_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.01.016","volume":"16","author":"CL McMahon","year":"2021","unstructured":"McMahon CL, Staples H, Gazi M, Carrion R, Hsieh J. SARS-CoV-2 targets glial cells in human cortical organoids. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16:1156\u201364.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2339_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.09.016","volume":"27","author":"F Jacob","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacob F, Pather SR, Huang WK, Zhang F, Wong SZH, Zhou H, Cubitt B, Fan W, Chen CZ, Xu M, et al. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells and brain organoids reveal SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism predominates in choroid plexus epithelium. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27:937-950.e939.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2339_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020202","volume":"2","author":"RA Fishman","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fishman RA, Sligar K, Hake RB. Effects of leukocytes on brain metabolism in granulocytic brain edema. Ann Neurol. 1977;2:89\u201394.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350010089015","volume":"143","author":"GW Jordan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jordan GW, Statland B, Halsted C. CSF lactate in diseases of the CNS. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:85\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2339_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1988.tb03610.x","volume":"78","author":"HW Kolmel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kolmel HW, von Maravic M. Correlation of lactic acid level, cell count and cytology in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;78:6\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2339_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.57","volume":"9","author":"NE Andersen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Andersen NE, Gyring J, Hansen AJ, Laursen H, Siesjo BK. Brain acidosis in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1989;9:381\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2339_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.100.2.341","volume":"100","author":"L Simchowitz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Simchowitz L, Textor JA. Lactic acid secretion by human neutrophils. Evidence for an H+ + lactate- cotransport system. J Gen Physiol. 1992;100:341\u201367.","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"2339_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90499-5","volume":"86","author":"W Walz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Walz W, Mukerji S. Lactate production and release in cultured astrocytes. Neurosci Lett. 1988;86:296\u2013300.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2339_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440010603","volume":"1","author":"W Walz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Walz W, Mukerji S. Lactate release from cultured astrocytes and neurons: a comparison. Glia. 1988;1:366\u201370.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2339_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1967.00470230044005","volume":"16","author":"JB Posner","year":"1967","unstructured":"Posner JB, Plum F. Independence of blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate. Arch Neurol. 1967;16:492\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1967.212.4.864","volume":"212","author":"F Plum","year":"1967","unstructured":"Plum F, Posner JB. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate during hyperventilation. Am J Physiol. 1967;212:864\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2339_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13493","volume":"63","author":"B Hebant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hebant B, Miret N, Bouwyn JP, Delafosse E, Lefaucheur R. Absence of pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid does not exclude herpes simplex virus encephalitis in elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:1278\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2339_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.03.010","volume":"60","author":"U Sili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sili U, Kaya A, Mert A, Group HSVES. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome in 106 adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2014;60:112\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2339_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","volume":"15","author":"S Jarius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, Franciotta D, Fujihara K, Jacob A, Kim HJ, et al. MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:134.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-14","volume":"9","author":"S Jarius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B, Kuempfel T, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleiter I, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Brettschneider J, et al. Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:14.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2339_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00006-4","volume":"121","author":"M Levy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levy M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Orellano B, Sasidharan S, Weber MS, Stuve O. Immunopathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica. Adv Immunol. 2014;121:213\u201342.","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"2339_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00804","volume":"10","author":"T Blinder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blinder T, Lewerenz J. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with autoimmune encephalitis-a systematic analysis. Front Neurol. 2019;10:804.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.11.004","volume":"268","author":"S Jarius","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jarius S, Hoffmann L, Clover L, Vincent A, Voltz R. CSF findings in patients with voltage gated potassium channel antibody associated limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 2008;268:74\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10108-x","volume":"268","author":"A Guilmot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guilmot A, Maldonado Slootjes S, Sellimi A, Bronchain M, Hanseeuw B, Belkhir L, Yombi JC, De Greef J, Pothen L, Yildiz H, et al. Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. J Neurol. 2021;268:751\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2339_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.022","volume":"93","author":"C Franke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franke C, Ferse C, Kreye J, Reincke SM, Sanchez-Sendin E, Rocco A, Steinbrenner M, Angermair S, Treskatsch S, Zickler D, et al. High frequency of cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;93:415\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2339_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19484","volume":"183","author":"R Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu R, Zhou Y, Cai L, Wang L, Han J, Yang X, Chen J, Chen J, Ma C, Shen L. Co-reactivation of the human herpesvirus alpha subfamily (herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus) in a critically ill patient with COVID-19. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183:1145\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2339_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15001","volume":"59","author":"F Tartari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tartari F, Spadotto A, Zengarini C, Zanoni R, Guglielmo A, Adorno A, Valzania C, Pileri A. Herpes zoster in COVID-19-positive patients. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59:1028\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2339_CR98","first-page":"e8998","volume":"12","author":"A Saati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saati A, Al-Husayni F, Malibari AA, Bogari AA, Alharbi M. Herpes zoster co-infection in an immunocompetent patient with COVID-19. Cureus. 2020;12:e8998.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2339_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15240","volume":"59","author":"A Nofal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nofal A, Fawzy MM, El Sharaf Deen SM, El-Hawary EE. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in COVID-19 patients. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59:1545\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2339_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000902","volume":"11","author":"P Patel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel P, Undavia A, Choudry R, Zhang Y, Prabhu AM. COVID-19 associated with concomitant varicella zoster viral encephalitis. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11:e219\u201321.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02339-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02339-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02339-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T21:03:19Z","timestamp":1667768599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02339-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02339-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local review boards of the participating centers. Patients gave written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"S.J. has nothing to disclose. Fl.P. has nothing to disclose. P.K. has nothing to disclose. I.J. has received speaker honoraria or unrestricted grants from Biogen Idec and Novartis and has served as advisor for Alexion, Neuway, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi Genzyme; none of these are related to this study. M.Ste. served on the scientific advisory boards and\/or received speaker honoraria, travel funding or honoraria for medical writing from UCB, Biogen Idec; Grifols, Genzyme, Roche, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, CSL Behring, Sanofi-Aventis, TEVA, and Bayer; none related to this study. D.F. has nothing to disclose. E.K. received grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Innovation Promotion Agency (CTI, Innosuisse), European Commission (Eurostars), Velux, von Tobel and USZ foundations; she is member of the advisory boards of Zoll Medical, Bard Medical, Portola. B.N. has nothing to disclose. M.R. received speaker honoraria from Novartis, Bayer Vital GmbH, Roche, Alexion and Ipsen and travel reimbursement from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merz, Genzyme, Teva, Roche, and Merck, none related to this study. M.Se. has nothing to disclose. A.R. has nothing to disclose. J.F.W. has nothing to disclose. A.B. has nothing to disclose. M.B. has nothing to disclose. M.C. received personal fees for speaking honoraria and advisory board participation by Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, Roche. A.E. has nothing to disclose. I.R. has nothing to disclose. R.D. received lecture fees from Roche and travel grants from Biogen, none related to this study. S.R. reports receiving consulting and lecture fees, grant and research support from Bayer Vital GmbH, Biogen, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Genzyme, Roche and Teva, none related to this study; furthermore, SR indicates that he is a founding executive board member of ravo Diagnostika GmbH Freiburg. K.S. has nothing to disclose. I.A. received travel grants from Biogen Idec and Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, speaker honoraria from Alexion, Merck, Roche and Santhera, served on scientific advisory boards for Roche and Alexion and received research support from Diamed, none related to this manuscript. C.C.G. received speaker honoraria from Mylan, Bayer Healthcare, and Sanofi-Genzyme and travel\/accommodation\/meeting expenses from Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, EUROIMMUN, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme; she also received research support from Biogen, Novartis, and Roche; none related to the current study. H.H. has participated in meetings\u00a0sponsored by, received speaker honoraria or travel funding from Bayer, Biogen,\u00a0Merck,\u00a0Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Siemens and Teva, and received\u00a0honoraria for consulting from Biogen, Novartis and Teva. M.K. has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Novartis, Merck, Biogen Idec and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. and serves on scientific advisory boards for Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Roche, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead. He received research grants from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Biogen and Novartis. I.K. has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, chugai, QVIA,Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; none related to this study. T.L. received lecture fees from Pfizer Deutschland GmbH; he received research grants from Baxter Deutschland GmbH and from Stiftung Hospital zum Heiligen Geist Frankfurt, Germany; none related to this study. J.H. has nothing to disclose. O.A. has nothing to disclose. K.A. reports conflicts of interest not related to this paper, including speaker fees from BiogenIdec and travel grants before 2015 from Alexion, Bayer, BiogenIdec, MerckSerono, Novartis and Teva; his institution has been reimbursed for his role as a principal investigator in trials in Neuroimmunology for Alexion, Bayer, BiogenIdec, MerckSerono, Novartis and Roche. C.K. has nothing to disclose. J.L. received funding for COVID-19 research from the Ministry for Education\u00a0and Research\u00a0Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (1499 TG93 U1); non-related to this paper, he received speaker fees or travel compensation from UCB, Bayer, Roche, Teva and the Cure Huntington\u2019s Disease Initiative (CHDI); his institution has been reimbursed for his role as a principal investigator in trials for UCB and CHDI; his research is funded by the European Huntington\u2019s Disease Initiative and\u00a0the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). H.T. reports conflicts of interest not related to this publication including funding for research projects, lectures and travel from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Genzyme, Fresenius, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Siemens Health Diagnostics, and Teva, and received research support from DMSG and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Fr.P. has nothing to disclose. M.Sta. has nothing to disclose. K.R. received research support from Novartis, Merck Serono, German Ministry of Education and Research, European Union (821283-2), Stiftung Charit\u00e9 (BIH Clinical Fellow Program) and Arthur Arnstein Foundation; received speaker honoraria from Bayer and travel grants from Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation; none of these are related to this study. B.W. received grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Dietmar Hopp Foundation and Klaus Tschira Foundation, grants and personal fees from Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis pharmaceuticals, and personal fees from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Teva; none related to this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}