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Here, we investigated if a similar pattern of innate immune system activation occurs in major depression (MD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We assessed differential blood counts, CRP, depression symptoms (HAMD-21) and psychosocial functioning (GAF) in controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009129) and patients with first (FEMD:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982) or recurrent (RMD:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200947) disease episodes of MD at baseline (T0;\u00a0hospital admission) and after 6-weeks treatment\u00a0(T6).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Considering smoking, BMI and gender as covariates, neutrophils (FEMD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.034, RMD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.034) and CRP (FEMD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, RMD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021) were higher, and eosinophils (FEMD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005, RMD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) lower in patients versus controls at T0. Baseline lymphocyte counts were elevated in RMD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) but not FEMD. Results were confirmed by analyses of nonsmokers. At follow-up, eosinophils rose significantly in FEMD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011) but no significant changes were observed in RMD. Improvement in HAMD-21 correlated with T0\u2013T6 changes of neutrophil counts\u00a0in FEMD (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.364,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024). Compared with our previous schizophrenia study, raised baseline neutrophil and reduced eosinophil counts in MD had smaller effect sizes\u00a0and treatment had a weaker association with\u00a0T0-T6 changes in neutrophils. In addition, lymphocytes were elevated at T0 in recurrent MD\u00a0but not in schizophrenia patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that innate immunity may be involved in early stages of MD, and adaptive immunity may be involved in chronic disease. Thus, further studies may lead to new disease stage-dependent MD treatment strategies targeting different aspects of immune system activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02429-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T14:03:38Z","timestamp":1649081018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Changes in leukocytes and CRP in different stages of major depression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Deepti","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Dobrowolny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Vasilevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Meyer-Lotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Gert","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Borucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Neyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Bogerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-2268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2429_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","volume":"9","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dantzer R, O\u2019Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. 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