{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:24:43Z","timestamp":1788848683165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Center","award":["2011510-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011510-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011512","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1F1A1072174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1F1A1072174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011512","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A5A2023127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A5A2023127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite rigorous confirmation with reliable assays, some individuals showing the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) phenotype remain negative for both aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate whether double seronegative NMOSD (DN-NMOSD) and NMOSD with AQP4 antibody (AQP4\u2013NMOSD) share the same pathophysiological basis, astrocytopathy, by measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels as a marker of astrocyte damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen participants who (1) satisfied the 2015 diagnostic criteria for NMOSD, and (2) tested negative for AQP4 and MOG antibodies confirmed with repeated cell-based assays, and (3) had available CSF samples obtained at the point of clinical attacks, were enrolled from 4 medical centers (South Korea, Germany, Thailand, and Denmark). Thirty age-matched participants with AQP4\u2013NMOSD, 17 participants with MOG antibody associated disease (MOGAD), and 15 participants with other neurological disorders (OND) were included as controls. The concentration of CSF GFAP was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CSF GFAP levels in the DN-NMOSD group were significantly lower than those in the AQP4\u2013NMOSD group (median: 0.49 versus 102.9\u00a0ng\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but similar to those in the OND (0.25\u00a0ng\/mL) and MOGAD (0.39\u00a0ng\/mL) control groups. The majority (90% (27\/30)) of participants in the AQP4\u2013NMOSD group showed significantly higher CSF GFAP levels than the highest level measured in the OND group, while no participant in the DN-NMOSD and MOGAD groups did.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that DN-NMOSD has a different underlying pathogenesis other than astrocytopathy, distinct from AQP4\u2013NMOSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02450-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T17:02:55Z","timestamp":1649782975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["CSF GFAP levels in double seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: no evidence of astrocyte damage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jae-Won","family":"Hyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeseul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads Nikolaj","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasitorn","family":"Siritho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","volume":"202","author":"VA Lennon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR. 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NCC 2014-0146, 157\/2552, EA 1\/041\/14, S-20130137), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Siritho, Asgari, Kim Y, Kim KH report no financial disclosures. Olesen\u2019s current affiliation is H Lundbeck A\/S. Hyun has received grants from the National Cancer Center and National Research Foundation of Korea. Kim SH has lectured, consulted, and received honoraria from Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and UCB and received a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea. Kim HJ received a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea and research support from Aprilbio and Eisai; received consultancy\/speaker fees from Alexion, Aprilbio, Biogen, Celltrion, Daewoong, Eisai, GC Pharma, HanAll BioPharma, MDimune, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva-Handok, UCB, and Viela Bio; is a co-editor for the Multiple Sclerosis Journal and an associated editor for the Journal of Clinical Neurology. Paul served on the scientific advisory boards of Novartis and MedImmune; received travel funding and\/or speaker honoraria from Bayer, Novartis, Biogen, Teva, Sanofi-Aventis\/Genzyme, Merck Serono, Alexion, Chugai, MedImmune, and Shire; is an associate editor of Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation; is an academic editor of PLoS ONE; consulted for Sanofi Genzyme, Biogen, MedImmune, Shire, and Alexion; received research support from Bayer, Novartis, Biogen, Teva, Sanofi-Aventis\/Geynzme, Alexion, and Merck Serono; and received research support from the German Research Council, Werth Stiftung of the City of Cologne, German Ministry of Education and Research, Arthur Arnstein Stiftung Berlin, EU FP7 Framework Program, Arthur Arnstein Foundation Berlin, Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, and NMSS.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"86"}}