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Although there are many antiseizure drugs, approximately 30% of cases are refractory to treatment. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common epilepsy subtype, and previous studies have reported that hippocampal inflammation is an important mechanism associated with the occurrence and development of TLE. However, the inflammatory biomarkers associated with TLE are not well defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, we merged human hippocampus datasets (GSE48350 and GSE63808) through batch correction and generally verified the diagnostic roles of inflammation-related genes (IRGs) and subtype classification according to IRGs in epilepsy through differential expression, random forest, support vector machine, nomogram, subtype classification, enrichment, protein\u2012protein interaction, immune cell infiltration, and immune function analyses. Finally, we detected the location and expression of inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) in epileptic patients and kainic acid-induced epileptic mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the bioinformatics analysis, we identified TIMP1 as the most significant IRG associated with TLE, and we found that TIMP1 was mainly located in cortical neurons and scantly expressed in cortical gliocytes by immunofluorescence staining. We detected decreased expression of TIMP1 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TIMP1, the most significant IRG associated with TLE, might be a novel and promising biomarker to study the mechanism of epilepsy and guide the discovery of new drugs for its treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02837-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T10:03:05Z","timestamp":1687773785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Identification of TIMP1 as an inflammatory biomarker associated with temporal lobe epilepsy based on integrated bioinformatics and experimental analyses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuetao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2837_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.24","volume":"4","author":"O Devinsky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O\u2019Brien TJ, Jette N, Scheffer IE, et al. 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Brain Sci. 2022;12(3):380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12030380.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02837-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02837-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02837-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T10:04:23Z","timestamp":1687773863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02837-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02837-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical principles of the National Institutes of Health, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Animal experiment was performed in accordance with the guidelines of Chongqing Medical University and Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 2011). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used.\u00a0All patients and their guardians were informed of the use of brain tissues and provided informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"151"}}